DSIpENUNCPENUDXPENUNCBGENDXB"c,|,|(11_wwne6A,'svrfp3rfs,,ipa ,brlrfees~title-page.,,ipa ,brl3 <,an ,updat$ ,tactile ,repres5ta;n ( ! l,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,alphabet <<sk1sk1,"p ,"o ( ,twol,ov]view1 ,tables1 & ,sample ,texts l<<sk1,$it$ by ,rob]t ,5glebretson1 ,ph4,d4 l<<<l,transcrib$ 9 ,unifi$ ,5gli% ,brl<,produc$ by ,,cnib l,= ! ,9t]na;nal ,c\ncil on ,5gli% ,brl l#bjjh<<<,9 #a ,volume & #a ,tactile ,supple;t<,brl pages t#a-t#h & #a-#ajh<,pr9t pages i-;x & #a-#ea<ee~title-page.lrfdpges~h1.,table ( ,3t5tsee~h1.lsvrfp3rfs,table ( ,3t5tsrfelctbstb1:l:32stb2:l:37>brl >pr9t<>"33>"333les~toc-15-37.,title ,page """"""""""""""""">t#a l,3t5ts """"""""""""""""""""""" t#c<,special ,symbols """""""""""">t#f<,transcrib]'s ,notes """"""""">t#g<,pr9t ,title page """""""""""" #a><,li/ ( ,,iceb ,memb] ,c.tries>#btxg2txg2txii<,pr9t ,3t5ts """"""""""""""""" >#ciii<,,,ac"kl$ge;ts by rob]t 5glebretson,' """""""""""">#e;v<,,,=e^w by fr$ric ;k4 s*ro$],'>#ies~-UEB-2005ee~-UEB-2005vii l,,,a3laim = ipa brl by m>?a pamp]9,' """"""""""""""""">#acix lsk1#a4 ,,9troduc;n """""""""""""">#ae#al#b4 ,,,! symbols ( ! ipa,' """>#bc#e<lhl2#b4a4 ,,3sonants < "<,,pulmonic"> """"""""">#be#f <#b4b4 ,,,3sonants ",' """"""""""">#cf#aa l#b4c4 ,,o!r ,,symbols """""">#ci#ac l#b4d4 ,,v[els """""""""""""">#db#ae l#b4e4 ,,diacritics """"""""">#dg#agl#b4f4 ,,supraseg;tals """""">#eh#bc l#b4g4 ,,,t"os @& ^w a35ts,' >#fj#bd l#b4h4 ,,,phonetic & phonemic 5closures,' """""""""""">#fg#bglhl1l#c4 ,,,non-ipa symbols,' """"">#gj#bi hl2l#c4a4 ,,,common phonetic symbols & punctua;n,' "">#ga#bi l#c4b4 ,,transcrib]-,,def9$ ,,symbols """""""""""""">#gg#cb l#c4c4 ,,,tempor>y code-swit* 9dicators,' """""""""""">#hj#cclhl1l#d4 ,,,miscellane\s usage < notes,' """""""""""""""""">#hb#ce <sk1,,ref];es """""""""""""""""""">#hd#cf l,,,app5dix3 sample passages,'>#hf#cghl2,,,sample #a3 am]ican 5gli% "r[ transcrip;n">,' >#hh#ch l,,,sample #b3 h;g k;g < cantonese,' """""""""""">#hi#ci l,,sample #c3 ,,croatian """">#ij#dj l,,sample #d3 ,,fr5* """""""">#ib#da l,,sample #e3 ,,portuguese "">#ic#dbhl1 l,,transcrib]'s ,,9dex,' """""">#if#de sk1ee~toc-15-37.svrfp3rfs,table ( ,3t5tsrfepges~standard-tabs.ee~standard-tabs.es~h1.,,special ,,symbolsee~h1.sk1llsvrfp3rfs,special ,symbolsrfeptys2ptyesvrfp3rfs,special ,symbolsrfe>,? li/ is 9 brl ord] & ea* symbol is prec$$ by ! dot locator4 es~brlinline.=ee~brlinline<<es~brlinline.=ee~brlinline4 decimal1 dot1 p]iod<es~brlinline.=ee~brlinline@a at<es~ascii.=ee~ascii@& amp]s&<es~ascii.=@.<ee~ascii op5+ transcrib]'s note<es~ascii.=ee~ascii@.> clos+ transcrib]'s note<es~ascii.=ee~asciies~ascii_?ee~ascii crosshat*<es~ascii.=ee~asciies~ascii_/ee~ascii sla%<es~ascii.=ee~ascii"< op5+ p>5!sis<es~ascii.=ee~ascii"6 plus sign<es~ascii.=ee~ascii"> clos+ p>5!sis<es~ascii.=ee~ascii.1 italic ^w<es~ascii.=ee~ascii.7 italic passage<es~ascii.=ee~ascii.' italic t]m9ator<es~ascii.=ee~ascii,' capitals mode t]m9ator<es~ascii.=ee~ascii,- da%<es~ascii.=ee~ascii,, capitaliz$ ^w<es~ascii.=ee~ascii,,, capitaliz$ passageptyepges~h1.,,transcrib]'s ,,notesee~h1.lsvrfp3rfs,transcrib]'s ,notesrfel>,? is brld 9 ,unifi$ ,5gli% ,brl4 ,all pages h an 9=ma;n l9e on l9e #be : gives ! brl page numb] on ! left1 an aid to naviga;n "? ! volume 9 ! c5tre1 & ! pr9t page numb] on ! "r4 ,! pages at ! 2g9n+ ( ! volume >e cr1t$ by ! transcrib] & labell$ ) a 8;t0 2f ! brl page numb]4 ,! foll[+ pages provide a complete transcrip;n ( ! pr9t4 ,! *ange f "o pr9t page to ! next is %[n by a r[ ( dots #cf acr ! brl page1 5d+ at ! "r ) ! numb] ( ! new pr9t page4<>,"s *anges h be5 made to basic lit]>y brl3 sk1pges~ascii.=4ee~ascii 2comes dd<es~ascii.=6ee~ascii 2comes to<es~ascii.=96ee~ascii 2comes 9to<es~ascii.=0ee~ascii 2comes by<.=# 2comes ble<es~ascii.=-ee~ascii 2comes com<es~ascii.=,nee~ascii 2comes a;n<es~ascii.=,yee~ascii 2comes ally<pgpv1~es~print-page-no-numberee~print-page-no-numberlsvrfp3rfs,title ,pagerfees~h1.,,ipa ,brl3 <,an ,updat$ ,tactile ,repres5ta;n ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,alphabet<lsk1,"p ,"o ( ,twol,ov]view1 ,tables1 & ,sample ,texts<sk1,$it$ by ,rob]t ,5glebretson1 ,ph4,d4<sk1,produc$ by ,,cnibl,= ! ,9t]na;nal ,c\ncil on l,5gli% ,brl lee~h1.hds#bjjhhdepges~Text-start.iiee~Text-start.lsvrfp3rfs,,iceb memb] c.triesrfees~h1.,li/ ( ,,iceb ,memb] ,c.tries l,z ,( ,april1 #bjjh ee~h1.,au/ralia <,canada l,new ,z1l& l,nig]ia l,s\? ,africa l,unit$ ,k+dom l,unit$ ,/ates lpges~Text-start.iiiee~Text-start.lsvrfp3rfs,table ( ,3t5tsrfees~h1.,table ( ,3t5tsee~h1.es~words-flushright,pageee~words-flushrightles~toc-15-37.hl1,,,ac"kl$ge;ts by rob]t 5glebretson,'fr;p~".;vl,,,=e^w by fr$ric ;k4 s*ro$],' fr;p~".vii l,,,a3laim = ipa brl by m>?a pamp]9,'fr;p~".ix l#a4 ,,9troduc;n fr;p~".#al#b4 ,,,! symbols ( ! ipa,' fr;p~".#ehl2#b4a4 ,,3sonants "<,,pulmonic"> fr;p~".#f l#b4b4 ,,,3sonants ",' fr;p~".#aal#b4c4 ,,o!r ,,symbols fr;p~".#acl#b4d4 ,,v[els fr;p~".#ae l#b4e4 ,,diacritics fr;p~".#ag l#b4f4 ,,supraseg;tals fr;p~".#bc l#b4g4 ,,,t"os @& ^w a35ts,'fr;p~".#bd l#b4h4 ,,,phonetic & phonemic 5closures,'fr;p~".#bgllee~toc-15-37.<<es~Text-start.ivee~Text-start.es~toc-15-37.hl1l#c4 ,,,non-ipa symbols,' fr;p~".#bihl2#c4a4 ,,,common phonetic symbols & punctua;n,' fr;p~".#bi l#c4b4 ,,,transcrib]-def9$ symbols,'fr;p~".#cb l#c4c4 ,,,tempor>y code-swit* 9dicators,' fr;p~".#cchl1l#d4 ,,,miscellane\s usage notes,'fr;p~".#ce lsk1,,ref];esfr;p~".#cf l,,,app5dix3 sample passages,'fr;p~".#cghl2,,,sample #a3 am]ican 5gli% "r[ transcrip;n">,'fr;p~".#ch l,,,sample #b3 h;g k;g cant"ose,' fr;p~".#ci l,,sample #c3 ,,croatianfr;p~".#dj l,,sample #d3 ,,fr5* fr;p~".#da l,,sample #e3 ,,portuguesefr;p~".#dbhl1,,transcrib]'s ,,9dexfr;p~".#de ee~toc-15-37.lpges~Text-start.;vee~Text-start.es~h1.,ac"kl$ge;ts lsk1,by ,rob]t ,5glebretson ee~h1.svrfp3rfs,ac"kl$ge;tsrfees~para.,! comple;n ( ? "w has b5efit$ f ! 9put & assi/.e ( num]\s 9dividuals at e /ep (:; ! way4 ee~para.es~para.,= 9itiat+ ? project1 & especially = com;ts & fe$back at ! e>ly /ages1 ,i wi% to ?ank ,j1n ,obi & ! memb]s ( ! ,unifi$ ,5gli% ,brl ,l+ui/ics ,gr\p4 lee~para.es~para.,i am extremely grate;l to ,w>r5 ,figueir$o = ov]see+ ! =matt+1 emboss+1 & 4tribu;n ( ! prelim9>y drafts circulat$ 9 #bjje4 ,w>r5's 9sid "w kept ? project go+ e>ly on1 & ,i truly appreciate 8 advice on brl matt]s & 8 5c\rage;t to pursue ! publica;n ( ? manuscript4 ee~para.es~para.,to ! num]\s p :o com;t$ on ! prelim9>y draft1 answ]$ "qs & (f]$ 5c\rage;t1 or us$ ,,ipa ,brl 9 ! classroom1 ,i al [e a debt ( gratitude2 ?anks especially to ,dr4 ,%]i ,wells-,j5s5 "<,b[l+ ,gre5 ,/ate ,univ]s;y">1 ,dr4 ,ka!r9e ,cross:ite "<,rice ,univ]s;y">1 ,m>?a ,pamp]9 "<,,bana">1 ,aly%a ,j1ns "<,rice ,univ]s;y">1 & ,c>los ,na% "<,univ]s;y ( ,cali=nia ,santa ,b>b>a">4 ,?anks al to ^? :o d[nload$ draft copies f my web site & (f]$ 9put & su7es;ns via ;e-mail4 ,yr "ns >e too num]\s to m5;n "h1 b yr com;ts h be5 valuable n"o!.s4 ee~para.es~para.,i wd al l to express my s9c]e gratitude to ,/eph5 ,phipp5 ( ,,rnib = track+ d[n a copy ( ! orig9al ,m]rick & ,pottxg1thtxg2(f "<#aicd"> brl ,,ipa publica;n1 lee~para.es~Text-start.viee~Text-start.es~para.continue.& = l5d+ x to me1 z ? valuable res\rce is sadly no l;g] available f brl l5d+ libr>ies 9 ,,iceb memb] c.tries4 ee~para.continue.es~para.,= ov]see+ ! prep>a;n ( ! f9al manuscript1 ,i wd especially l to ?ank ,d>le5 ,bog>t "<,*air1 ,,ueb ,committee">1 :o recogniz$ ! m]its ( ? project & %eph]d$ x "? ! ,,iceb = 3sid]a;n & approval4 ,= pro(r1d+ & transcrib+ assi/.e1 ,i wd l to ?ank ,d>le5 ,bog>t1 ,jill ,coot] & ,%irley ,johnson "<,,cnib volunte]s"> & ,elizabe? ,g5try "<,rice ,univ]s;y">4 ,i wd al l to recognize ,wayne ,s*ap] ( ! ,,cnib /aff1 :o prep>$ ! tactile illu/ra;ns 9 ! brl ,supple;t4 lee~para.es~para.,! sample passages 9 ! ,app5dix >e repr9t$ ) ! 3s5t ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n & by ! k9d p]mis.n ( ,cambridge ,univ]s;y ,press4 "<,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n4 #aiii4 es~italic.7,h&book ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n3 ,a ,guide to ! ,use (:; ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,alphabetee~italic.'4 ,new ,york3 ,cambridge ,univ]s;y ,press4"> ,^! passages may n 2 fur!r reproduc$ except by writt5 p]mis.n ( ! copy"r hold]1 ,cambridge ,univ]s;y ,press4 ee~para.es~para.,f9ally1 ,i wi% to ac"kl$ge ! huge debt ( gratitude t ,i & o!r bl l+ui/s [e to ;,w4 ,p]cy ,m]rick & ;,w4 ,pottxg1thtxg2(f = design+ ! orig9al ,brl ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,alphabet back 9 #aicd1 ^u : ! curr5t "w is v closely bas$4 ,^! two pione]+ 9dividuals op5$ doors to lit]acy & "w = bl p 9 phonetics & relat$ fields1 & _! important 3tribu;ns m/ n"e 2 =gott54 ee~para.pges~text-start.es~asciiviiee~asciiee~text-start.es~h1.,=e^w<sk1,by ,fr$ric ;,k4 ,s*ro$]1 ,ph,d4 <,presid5t1 ,9t]na;nal ,c\ncil on ,5gli% ,brlee~h1.svrfp3rfs,=e^wrfees~para.,! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,alphabet "<,,ipa"> is a /&>diz$ repres5ta;n ( ! s.ds ( spok5 language4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! ,,ipa is to provide "o symbol = ea* 4t9ctive spee* s.d3 3sonants1 v[els1 diacritics t slitfelt ?anks to ,dr4 ,5glebretson = 8 ?"\;l;s & det]m9a;n 9 unify+ ! 4p>ate brl ,,ipa codes previ\sly us$ 9 ! memb] c.tries ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,c\ncil on ,5gli% ,brl "<,,iceb">1 & = pres5t+ an up-to-date & 3si/5t sy/em : n only rema9s true to ! pr9t ,,ipa1 b al provides flexibil;y = curr5t & future te*nologies4 ,^! >e no small tasks to a3ompli%1 & ,,iceb is grate;l = 8 commit;t to ! project4 ee~para.es~text-start.es~asciiviiiee~asciiee~text-start.es~para.,? 5d1vor 0 9itiat$ by ! ,unifi$ ,5gli% ,brl ,l+ui/ics ,"w+ ,gr\p1 *air$ by ,,iceb ,secret>y ,j1n ,obi ( ,nig]ia1 & special ?anks m/ g to ,j1n & h] ,gr\p = _! p]si/;e & d$ica;n 9 see+ ? project to comple;n4 ,! revi.n 9 draft =m has _h _m tributes f l+ui/ics t1*]s & /ud5ts alike1 l5d+ cr$ibil;y to \r project & ! ye>s ( "w t s _m 9dividuals h 3tribut$4 ee~para.es~para.,?anks al to ,,cnib "<,canadian ,na;nal ,9/itute = ! ,bl"> = produc+ ! ,brl $i;n 9clud+ tactile repres5ta;ns ( ! glyphs4 ee~para.es~para.,on 2half ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,c\ncil on ,5gli% ,brl1 ,i am pl1s$ to make ? v important body ( "w available to pr(es.nals & /ud5ts 9 phonetically-ori5t$ fields ( all types1 provid+ a univ]sally a3essible =mat to "w+ ) ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,alphabet4 ee~para.pgledrfdpges~text-start.es~asciiixee~asciiee~text-start.es~h1.,a3laim = ,,ipa ,brl lsk1,by ,m>?a ,pamp]91 ,*air l,,bana "<,brl ,au?or;y ( ,nor? ,am]ica"> ,lit]>y ,te*nical ,committee ee~h1.svrfp3rfs,a3laim = ,,ipa ,brlrfe>,i f/ le>n$ "s?+ ab ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,alphabet "<,,ipa"> 9 ! e>ly #aifj's :5 ,i 0 a graduate /ud5t ) an 9t]e/ 9 l+ui/ics4 ,i rememb] sitt+ 9 class1 2com+ m & m excit$ z ,i he>d ! 9/ructor describe & illu/rate ! ,,ipa4 ,:at a wond];l sy/em1 ,i ?"\1 = transcrib+ ! liv+ s.ds ( language4 ,z a s+le1 bl1 "y woman1 ,i 0 /ru7l+ to f9d a r1li/ic c>e] pa?4 ,maybe1 ,i ?"\1 ? 0 x4 ,us+ my slate & /ylus1 ,i 2gan mak+ up brl symbols = ! v>i\s ,,ipa "*s 4cuss$1 b ,i soon r1liz$ "! 7 go+ to 2 too _m ,,ipa symbols to fit 9to ! ll spur ( ! mo;t sy/em ,i 0 cr1t+4 ,lat]1 ,i sp5t "s "t try+ to devise a s5sible brl ,,ipa code4 ,h["e1 ,i _h nei ! "t nor ! k base t s* a job wd require4 ,2c ,i _h no way to r1d or write ! ,,ipa symbols1 ! door to any c>e] pa? requir+ use ( ,,ipa slamm$ %ut4 ,i am deli4 ,x is design$ specifically = /ud5ts & pr(es.nals 9 l+ui/ics & relat$ fields1 or any"o desir+ a ?or\< pres5ta;n ( ! 9kpr9t ,,ipa " & ! brl symbols ) : to transcribe x4 ee~para.es~para.,2g9n+ 9 #ahhf1 ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n has ov]se5 ! develop;t ( a univ]sally-recogniz$ set ( symbols to repres5t all ( ! s.ds 9 human language4 ,? set ( symbols1 n[ call$ ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,alphabet "<,,ipa"> has 2come ! /&>d m1ns ( transcrib+ spee* 9to writt5 =m1 especially 9 phonetically-ori5t$ bran*es ( ! language sci;es4 ,x is widely us$3 9 field l+ui/ics1 = ! docu;ta;n ( "u-describ$ or 5dang]$ languages t (t5 h no writt5 tradi;n2 9 language classrooms1 to t1* pronuncia;n skills to non-native sp1k]s2 9 pronuncia;n guides ( "s dic;n>ies & textbooks1 to repres5t ! pronuncia;n ( h1d^ws2 9 cl9ical sett+s1 by spee* pa?ologi/s & rese>*]s to transcribe 4ord]$ spee* ( v>i\s k9ds2 9 bran*es ( electrical & comput] 5g9e]+1 to annotate spee* spectrograms & develop applica;ns 9 spee* recogni;n & syn!sis2 & 9 vocal music p$agogy1 to t1* dic;n = s++ 9 =eign languages4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,,ipa is use;l 9 any 5d1vor ": x is desirable or nec to capture specific nu.es ( a35t1 voice qual;y1 & 9tona;n4 ,due to ! v>iety ( pr(es.nal 3texts 9 : ! ,,ipa is us$1 a brl v].n ( ! ,,ipa is imp]ative = bl 9dividuals /udy+ or "w+ 9 ^! fields4 ee~para.es~para.,:ile ! core symbols ( ! ,,ipa h rema9$ relatively /able "?\t ! #bjth c5tury1 a numb] ( updates h o3urr$1 bas$ on new sci5tific 4cov]ies ab lee~para.es~text-start.#bee~text-start.es~para.continue.human spee* physiology & ac\/ics1 or due to newly docu;t$ s.ds f previ\sly undescrib$ languages4 ,9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n has updat$ ! ,,ipa s"eal "ts1 9clud+ a major revi.n 9 #aihi1 : compris$ ! addi;n & )drawal ( a numb] ( 3sonant & v[el symbols1 & a ?or\< re"w+ (:; ! modifi]s & diacritics4 ,fur!r *anges & modifica;ns 7 made 9 #aiic & #aiif1 foll[$ by ! addi;n ( "o new symbol 9 #bjje4 ,! major *anges 9 ! 9kpr9t ,,ipa ov] ! pa/ two decades h l$ to ! obsolesc;e ( previ\sly publi%$ brl v].ns1 & ! lack ( an up-to-date brl ,,ipa has pos$ a s]i\s 4advantage to brl r1d]s pursu+ /udy or employ;t 9 l+ui/ics & o!r spee*-relat$ fields4 ,? publica;n seeks to rem$y ? situa;n by (f]+ a curr5t & compreh5sive brl v].n ( ! ,,ipa1 & "!by seeks to improve lit]acy & a3ess = brl r1d]s "w+ 9 ! abv-m5;n$ fields4 ee~para.continue.es~para.,! f/ brl v].n ( ! ,,ipa 0 compil$ by ,m]rick & ,pottxg1thtxg2(f "<#aicd"> & publi%$ by :at is n[ ! ,royal ,na;nal ,9/itute ( ,bl ,p 9 ,london4 "<,see ! ,ref];es sec;n = ! full cita;n4"> ,? pione]+ "w promot$ brl lit]acy 9 l+ui/ics1 & op5$ up c>e] possibilities = bl p 9 spee*-relat$ fields t rely on ! ,,ipa4 ,! ,m]rick & ,pottxg1thtxg2(f nota;n al 2came ! basis ( ! brl ,,ipa sy/ems promulgat$ "?\t ! #bjth c5tury by brl au?orities 9 ,g]_m1 ,fr.e1 & ,5gli%-sp1k+ c.tries4 ,h["e1 revi.ns to ^! codes did n keep pace ) ! develop;t ( ! 9kpr9t ,,ipa1 & by ! #aiijs _h 2come obsolete4 ,= example1 ! brl ,,ipa *>t available s9ce #aiij f ! ,brl ,au?or;y ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom "<,,bauk"> only pres5t$ ! symbols ( ! ,,ipa revis$ to #aigi4 ,9 an attempt to update to ! #aiic revi.n ( ! 9kpr9t ,,ipa1 9 #aiig ! ,brl ,au?or;y ( ,nor? ,am]ica "<,,bana"> broke f ! ,m]rick & ,pottxg1thtxg2(f sy/em1 adopt+ a completely new brl ,,ipa = ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada "4 ee~para.es~text-start.#cee~text-start.es~para.,? l$ to ! un=tunate situa;n ": ! brl ,,ipa 9 ,europe1 z well z 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & o!r ,5gli%-sp1k+ c.tries1 : is bas$ on ! orig9al ,m]rick & ,pottxg1thtxg2(f nota;n1 0 va/ly di6]5t f ! nota;n us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,9 addi;n1 2c ! ,,bana #aiig nota;n 0 n devis$ 9 3sulta;n ) pr(es.nal l+ui/s :o h a "w+ k ( ! ,,ipa1 x prov$ to 2 excessively cumb]"s & n robu/ 5 to 2 us$ 9 _m pr(es.nal capacities4 ,! curr5t revi.n corrects all ( ^! %ortcom+s1 unifies ! brl ,,ipa nota;n us$ 9 ! ,u4,s4 & ,canada ) t us$ 9 ! re/ ( ! memb] c.tries ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,c\ncil on ,5gli% ,brl "<,,iceb">1 & is 9 complete a3ord ) ! (ficial 9kpr9t ,,ipa revis$ to #bjje4 ,z ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n publi%es future updates & revi.ns to ! ,,ipa1 ! $itor ( ? brl v].n 9t5ds to keep ,,ipa ,brl updat$ z well4 lee~para.es~para.,due to ! robu/ nature & wide 9t]na;nal a3ept.e ( ! orig9al ,m]rick & ,pottxg1thtxg2(f brl ,,ipa nota;n1 ! pres5t ,,ipa ,brl ma9ta9s ! same 3sonant & v[el symbols :5"e possible4 ,! symbols : h be5 add$ due to 9kpr9t revi.ns >e design$ "h to foll[ ! same basic pr9ciples ( ! orig9al ,m]rick & ,pottxg1thtxg2(f code4 ,! mo/ dra/ic *ange has be5 a complete re"w+ ( ! brl repres5ta;ns ( diacritics & modifi]s4 ,? 0 necessitat$ f/ & =emo/ 2c ( ! major *anges to ! nature & use ( 9kpr9t ,,ipa diacritics ov] ! ye>s4 ,secondly1 ! revis$ brl diacritics >e m sy/ematic & us]-frly1 &1 9 ord] to facilitate comput] 5try & automat$ pr9t-to-brl =w>d- & back-transla;n1 >e 9 l9e ) ! composi;n ( ,unicode comb9+ diacritics4 ee~para.es~para.,9 addi;n to li/+ ! brl equival5t = ea* (:; ! symbols 9 ! curr5t 9kpr9t ,,ipa1 ! pres5t volume (f]s brl r1d]s an a3essible 9troduc;n to /&>d typographic & >ticulatory phonetic t]m9ology1 9 ord] to facilitate cle> communica;n 2t bl & sie giv5 = ea* glyph1 :1 9 3junc;n ) a ,unicode-aw>e scre5 r1d] & keybo>d mapp+ s(tw>e1 r1dily 5able bl 9dividuals to type ,,ipa "*s on a /&>d p]sonal comput] )\t si ) ! ,,ipa1 & :o ?us may f9d ? alt]native ord]+ easi] :5 se>*+ = unfamili> glyphs4 ee~para.continue.es~para.,! supple;t>y volume " is produc$ on capsule pap]1 & provides detail$ tactile illu/ra;ns ( ea* 9kpr9t ,,ipa glyph al;g ) xs ,,ipa ,brl equival5t4 ,? 5ables a brl r1d] to obs]ve & /udy ! %ape ( ea* 9kpr9t ,,ipa "*1 & to associate ! %apes ( ! glyphs ) _! brl repres5ta;ns4 ,famili>;y ) ! ,,ipa glyphs is especially crucial = bl /ud5ts :o >e le>n+ ! ,,ipa 9 9kpr9t-ori5t$ classrooms4 ,! supple;t is produc$ sep>ately1 s t 9dividuals may d[nload or pur*ase a h>dcopy ( ei or bo? volumes1 bas$ on _! specific ne$s4 ,9 g5]al1 a 2g9n+ /ud5t or "s"o ) no backgr.d 9 phonetics w b5efit f ! details provid$ 9 ! 9troductory volume4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an adv.ed /ud5t or pr(es.nal alr well-v]s$ 9 phonetics w n ne$ ^! details1 & w easily 2 able to le>n ,,ipa ,brl f ! supple;t al"o4 ,all llus]s w b5efit f ! side-by-side pres5ta;n ( rais$-pr9t & brl ,,ipa glyphs 9 ! supple;t4 ,xs 3d5s$ pres5ta;n /yle al makes ! supple;t an id1l qk ref];e li/ ( symbols4 ee~para.es~text-start.#eee~text-start.svrfp3rfs,9tro1 ,symbols ( ,,iparfees~h1.#b4 ,! ,symbols ( ! ,,ipa ee~h1.es~para.,! (ficial 9kpr9t ,,ipa *>t is available onl9e f ! web site ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n les~compinlinehttp3_/_/www4>ts4gla4ac4uk_/,,ipa_/es~ascii"ee~asciilipa*>t4htmlee~compinline & is repr9t$ 9 num]\s textbooks & ref];e "ws4 ,x is divid$ 9to sev5 sec;ns3 ,3sonants "<,pulmonic">1 ,3sonants "<,non-,pulmonic">1 ,o!r ,symbols1 ,v[els1 ,diacritics1 ,supraseg;tals1 & ,t"os @& ,^w ,a35ts4 ,! lay\t ( ea* sec;n presumes a basic famili>;y ) >ticulatory phonetics & is =matt$ acly4 ,? brl v].n does n aim to svrfp3rfs,symbols ( ,,iparfecapture ! visual lay\t ( ! (ficial 9kpr9t ,,ipa *>t1 : wd 2 *all5g+ to a3urately =mat 9 brl1 & opaque to us]s ) ll to no backgr.d 9 phonetics4 ,9/1d1 ? publica;n ma9ta9s ! sec;ns z specifi$ 9 ! (ficial *>t1 b pres5ts ! data ( ea* sec;n 9 a l9e>-table =mat4 ,? me?od 5ables ! pres5ta;n ( all ( ! data on ! 9kpr9t *>t 9 v]bal r ?an spatial t]ms1 & all[s = ! addi;n ( typographic descrip;ns & ,unicode values = ea* symbol,-f1tures t >e n pres5t 9 ! (ficial 9kpr9t *>t4 ,ea* table 3ta9s ! 9kpr9t ,,ipa glyph "e f.d 9 ! brl ,supple;t volume">1 ! ,,ipa brl symbol1 ! dot numb]s ( ! brl symbol1 ! ,unicode value = ! pr9t ,,ipa glyph1 ! typographic descrip;n ( ! 9kpr9t glyph1 ! (ficial ,,ipa numb] = ! glyph1 & ! m1n+ or >ticulatory descrip;n ( ! s.d repres5t$ by ! ,,ipa symbol4 ,= diacritics & "s o!r modifi]s1 an addi;nal field 9 ! table 5try %[s an example ( ! diacritic comb9$ ) a base glyph1 9 ord] to illu/rate ! posi;n ( ! diacritic 9 9kpr9t al;g ) xs repres5ta;n 9 brl4 ee~para.svrfp3rfs,symbols ( ,,iparfees~para.,= m 9-dep? backgr.d & explana;n ( phonetics ?an is possible 9 ? brief volume1 ! 9t]e/$ r1d] may 3sult any 9troductory phonetics textbook1 s* z ,ladefog$ "<#bjje">4 ,^? 9t]e/$ 9 specific usage details = ! alphabet %dlee~para.es~text-start.#fee~text-start.es~para.continue.3sult ! (ficial es~italic.7,h&book ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;nee~italic.' "<#aiii">4 ,! tables 9 ,app5dix #b ( ! es~italic.1,h&bookee~italic h s]v$ z a model = ! tables pres5t$ 9 ! pres5t publica;n ( ,,ipa ,brl4 ,= a compreh5sive1 detail$ tr1t;t ( phonetic symbols1 9clud+ old] glyphs & addi;nal symbols n f.d 9 ! (ficial ,,ipa1 see ,pullum & ,ladusaw "<#aiif">4 ,see ! ,ref];es sec;n = full cita;ns ( ^! s\rces4 ee~para.continue.svrfp3rfs#b4a ,3sonants "<,pulmonic">rfees~h1.#b4a4 ,3sonants "<,pulmonic">ee~h1.es~para.,pulmonic 3sonants >e spee* s.ds t use air fl[+ \ ( ! lungs "1 : is !n "pially or fully block$ by ! >ticulatory organs ( ! oral & nasal cavities4 ,pulmonic 3sonants >e describ$ 9 t]ms ( ?ree f1tures3 voice,-:e!r ! vocal folds ( ! l>ynx >e vibrat+ " or n vibrat+ "2 place ( >ticula;n,-! po9t 9 ! vocal tract ": ! air/r1m is block$2 & mann] ( >ticula;n,-! degree ( air/r1m blockage4 ,f ! front ( ! m\? to ! back1 ! elev5 places ( >ticula;n t =m ! column h1d+s 9 ! /&>d 9kpr9t ,,ipa 3sonant *>t >e z foll[s3 ,bilabial "1 ,labiod5tal "1 ,d5tal "1 ,alveol> " ridge">1 ,po/alveol> " ridge">1 ,retroflex "1 ,palatal "d palate">1 ,vel> "1 ,uvul> "1 ,ph>yng1l "ynx wall">1 & ,glottal "ynx">4 ,! eiticula;n = pulmonic 3sonants t comprise ! r[s ( ! /&>d ,,ipa *>t >e z foll[s3 ,plosive "1 ,nasal "1 ,trill "ticulators">1 ,tap or ,flap "ticulators,-ess5tially "o b1t ( a trill">1 ee~para.es~text-start.#gee~text-start.es~para.continue.,fricative "<>ticulators >e 9 close approxima;n s z to produce a su/a9$1 turbul5t airfl[">1 ,lat]al ,fricative "1 ,approximant "<>ticulators >e posi;n$ close 5 to modulate ! airfl[1 b n close 5 to cause turbul;e">1 & ,lat]al ,approximant "4ee~para.continue.sk1lpgsk1hds ,table #b4a3 ,pulmonic ,3sonants hdelsvrfp3rfs,table #b;arfeles~box-longes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,,brl "2 unicode,'<>,,,typographic desc4 ipa_?,'<>>,,>ticulatory ,,desc4es~ascii@.>ee~asciiee~note.es~stairstep-1.es~asciisk1pee~ascii "<#abcd">2 ,u"6#jjgjhl2l[]case ;p2 #aja hl3voice.s bilabial plosive hl1les~asciibee~ascii "<#ab">2 ,u"6#jjfbhl2l[]case ;b2 #ajbhl3voic$ bilabial plosive hl1es~asciitee~ascii "<#bcde">2 ,u"6#jjgd hl2l[]case ;t2 #ajc hl3voice.s alveol> plosive hl1les~asciisvrfp3rfstable #b4arfedee~ascii "<#ade">2 ,u"6#jjfdhl2l[]case ;d2 #ajdhl3voic$ alveol> plosive hl1es~ascii4tee~ascii "<#bef-#bcde">2 ,u"6#jbhhhl2"r-tail ;t2 #ajehl3voice.s retroflex plosive lsvrfp3rfs,table #b4arfehl1es~asciipg4dee~ascii "<#bef-#ade">2 ,u"6#jbefhl2"r-tail ;d2 #ajfhl3voic$ retroflex plosive hl1es~asciicee~ascii "<#ad">2 ,u"6#jjfc hl2l[]case ;c2 #ajghl3voice.s palatal plosive hl1es~ascii9jee~ascii "<#ce-#bde">2 ,u"6#jbe,fhl2b>r$ dot.s ;j2 #ajhhl3voic$ palatal plosive hl1es~asciikee~ascii "<#ac">2 ,u"6#jjf,bhl2l[]case ;k2 #ajihl3voice.s vel> plosive hl1es~asciigee~ascii "<#abde">2 ,u"6#jbfahl2l[]case script ;g2 #aaj hl3voic$ vel> plosive hl1les~asciigee~ascii "<#abde">2 ,u"6#jjfg<hl2l[]case ;g2 #bajhl3voic$ vel> plosive "hl1llee~stairstep-1.es~text-start.#hee~text-start.es~stairstep-1.es~asciiqee~ascii "<#abcde">2 ,u"6#jjgahl2l[]case ;q2 #aaa2 hl3voice.s uvul> plosive hl1pg9g "<#ce-#abde">2 ,u"6#jbfbhl2small capital ;g2 #aabhl3voic$ uvul> plosive hl1es~ascii2ee~ascii "<#bc">2 ,u"6#jbidhl2glottal /op2 #aachl3glottal plosive hl1es~asciimee~ascii "<#acd">2 ,u"6#jjf,dhl2l[]case ;m2 #aadhl3voic$ bilabial nasal hl1es~ascii6mee~ascii "<#bce-#acd">2 ,u"6#jbgahl2left-tail ;m "2 #aaehl3voic$ labiod5tal nasal hl1es~asciinee~ascii "<#acde">2 ,u"6#jjf,ehl2l[]case ;n2 #aafhl3voic$ alveol> nasal hl1es~ascii4nee~ascii "<#bef-#acde">2 ,u"6#jbgchl2"r-tail ;n2 #aaghl3voic$ retroflex nasal hl1es~ascii=ee~ascii "<#abcdef">2 ,u"6#jbgbhl2left-tail ;n "2 #aahhl3voic$ palatal nasal hl1es~ascii$ee~ascii "<#abdf">2 ,u"6#jad,bhl25g2 #aaihl3voic$ vel> nasal hl1es~ascii9nee~ascii "<#ce-#acde">2 ,u"6#jbgdhl2small capital ;n2 #abjhl3voic$ uvul> nasal hl1es~ascii9bee~ascii "<#ce-#ab">2 ,u"6#jbiihl2small capital ;b2 #abahl3voic$ bilabial trill hl1es~asciiree~ascii "<#abce">2 ,u"6#jjgbhl2l[]case ;r2 #abbhl3voic$ alveol> trill hl1es~ascii9ree~ascii "<#ce-#abce">2 ,u"6#jbhjhl2small capital ;r2 #abchl3voic$ uvul> trill hl1les~ascii6vee~ascii "<#bce-#abcf">2 ,u"6#b,c#ga or ,u"6,f#be,fhl2"r-hook ;v2 #ahdhl3labiod5tal flap hl1es~ascii6ree~ascii "<#bce-#abce">; ,u"6#jbg,ehl2fi%-hook ;r2 #abdhl3voic$ alveol> tap hl1es~ascii4ree~ascii "<#bef-#abce">2 ,u"6#jbg,dhl2"r-tail ;r2 #abehl3voic$ retroflex flap hl1lee~stairstep-1.pges~text-start.#iee~text-start.es~stairstep-1.es~ascii.fee~ascii "<#df-#abd">2 ,u"6#jbghhl2phi2 #abf<hl3voice.s bilabial fricative hl1es~ascii.bee~ascii "<#df-#ab">2 ,u"6#jc,b#bhl22ta2 #abghl3voic$ bilabial fricative hl1es~asciifee~ascii "<#abd">2 ,u"6#jjffhl2l[]case ;f2 #abhhl3voice.s labiod5tal fricative hl1es~asciivee~ascii "<#abcf">2 ,u"6#jjgfhl2l[]case ;v2 #abihl3voic$ labiod5tal fricative hl1es~ascii.?ee~ascii "<#df-#adef">2 ,u"6#jc,b#hhl2!ta2 #acjhl3voice.s d5tal fricative hl1es~ascii]ee~ascii "<#abdef">2 ,u"6#jj,f#jhl2$h2 #acahl3voic$ d5tal fricative hl1es~asciisee~ascii "<#bcd">2 ,u"6#jjgchl2l[]case ;s2 #acbhl3voice.s alveol> fricative hl1es~asciipgzee~ascii "<#acef">2 ,u"6#jjg,ahl2l[]case ;z2 #acchl3voic$ alveol> fricative hl1es~ascii:ee~ascii "<#aef">2 ,u"6#jbhchl2e%2 #acdhl3voice.s po/alveol> fricative hl1es~ascii!ee~ascii "<#bcdf">2 ,u"6#jbibhl2ezh2 #acehl3voic$ po/alveol> fricative hl1es~ascii4see~ascii "<#bef-#bcd">2 ,u"6#jbhbhl2"r-tail ;s "2 #acfhl3voice.s retroflex fricative hl1es~ascii4zee~ascii "<#bef-#acef">2 ,u"6#jbijhl2"r-tail ;z2 #acghl3voic$ retroflex fricative hl1es~ascii6cee~ascii "<#bce-#ad">2 ,u"6#jj,e#ghl2;c c$illa2 #achhl3voice.s palatal fricative hl1es~ascii8jee~ascii "<#bcf-#bde">2 ,u"6#jbi,dhl2curly-tail ;j2 #acihl3voic$ palatal fricative hl1es~asciixee~ascii "<#acdf">2 ,u"6#jjghhl2l[]case ;x2 #adjhl3voice.s vel> fricative lee~stairstep-1.es~text-start.#ajee~text-start.es~stairstep-1.les~ascii.gee~ascii "<#df-#abde">2 ,u"6#jbfchl2gamma2 #adahl3voic$ vel> fricative hl1es~ascii.&ee~ascii "<#df-#abcdf">2 ,u"6#jc,c#ghl2*i2 #adbhl3voice.s uvul> fricative hl1es~ascii9#ee~ascii "<#ce-#cdef">2 ,u"6#jbhahl29v]t$ small capital ;r2 #adchl3voic$ uvul> fricative hl1es~ascii6hee~ascii "<#bce-#abe">2 ,u"6#jabghl2b>r$ ;h2 #addhl3voice.s ph>yng1l fricative hl1es~ascii62ee~ascii "<#bce-#bc">2 ,u"6#jbiehl2rev]s$ glottal /op2 #adehl3voic$ ph>yng1l fricative or approximant hl1es~asciihee~ascii "<#abe">2 ,u"6#jjfhhl2l[]case ;h2 #adfhl3voice.s glottal fricative hl1es~ascii8hee~ascii "<#bcf-#abe">2 ,u"6#jbffhl2hooktop ;h2 #adg hl3voic$ glottal fricative hl1pges~ascii8lee~ascii "<#bcf-#abc">2 ,u"6#jbf,chl2belt$ ;l2 #adhhl3voice.s alveol> lat]al fricative hl1es~asciil"!ee~ascii "<#abc-#e-#bcdf">2 ,u"6#jbf,ehl2;l-ezh ligature2 #adihl3voic$ alveol> lat]al fricative hl1es~ascii8vee~ascii "<#bcf-#abcf">2 ,u"6#jbh,bhl2script ;v2 #aejhl3voic$ labiod5tal approximant hl1es~ascii#ee~ascii "<#cdef">2 ,u"6#jbgihl2turn$ ;r2 #aeahl3voic$ alveol> approximant hl1es~ascii4#ee~ascii "<#bef-#cdef">2 ,u"6#jbg,bhl2turn$ ;r1 "r tail2 #aebhl3voic$ retroflex approximant hl1es~asciijee~ascii "<#bde">2 ,u"6#jjf,ahl2l[]case ;j2 #aechl3voic$ palatal approximant hl1lee~stairstep-1.es~text-start.#aaee~text-start.es~stairstep-1.es~ascii8mee~ascii "<#bcf-#acd">2 ,u"6#jbgj hl2turn$ ;m1 "r leg2 #aedhl3voic$ vel> approximant hl1es~asciipglee~ascii "<#abc">2 ,u"6#jjf,chl2l[]case ;l2 #aeehl3voic$ alveol> lat]al approximant hl1es~ascii4lee~ascii "<#bef-#abc">2 ,u"6#jbf,dhl2"r-tail ;l2 #aefhl3voic$ retroflex lat]al approximant hl1es~ascii8yee~ascii "<#bcf-#acdef">2 ,u"6#jbh,e hl2turn$ ;y2 #aeghl3voic$ palatal lat]al approximant hl1es~ascii9lee~ascii #ce-#abc">2 ,u"6#jbi,fhl2small capital ;l2 #aehhl3voic$ vel> lat]al approximant ee~box-longee~stairstep-1.les~h1.#b4b4 ,3sonants "<,non-,pulmonic"> ee~h1.svrfp3rfstab4 #b4a1 #b4b 3sonantsrfees~para.,non-pulmonic 3sonants >e spee* s.ds ) an airfl[ me*anism o!r ?an ! lungs,-i4e4 !y >e produc$ by us+ ! glottis or velum to cr1te di6]5tials 9 air pressure4 ,^! 9clude implosives1 clicks1 & ejectives4 ,implosives & clicks ea* h _! [n set ( glyphs1 categoriz$ by place ( >ticula;n z abv4 ,ejectives d n h unique ,,ipa glyphs associat$ ) !m1 b >e 9dicat$ by plac+ ! apo/rophe diacritic immly af ! homolog\s pulmonic 3sonant1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! /&>d ,,ipa *>t & expla9$ af ! table ( implosives & clicks 2l4 ee~para.es~text-start.#abee~text-start.sk1svrfp3rfs,table #b4brfees~h1.in-toc.,table #b4b3 ,non-,pulmonic ,3sonantsee~h1.in-toc.les~box-longes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,,brl "2 unicode,'<>,,,typographic desc42 ipa_?,'<>>,,>ticulatory ,,desc4es~ascii@.>ee~asciiee~note.les~stairstep-1.es~asciisk18bee~ascii "<#bcf-#ab">2 ,u"6#jbechl2hooktop ;b2 #afjhl3voic$ bilabial implosivehl1les~ascii8dee~ascii "<#bcf-#ade">2 ,u"6#jbeghl2hooktop ;d2 #afbhl3voic$ d5tal_/alveol> implosivehl1les~ascii89jee~ascii "<#bcf-#ce-#bde">2 ,u"6#jbhdhl2hooktop b>r$ dot.s ;j2 #afdhl3voic$ palatal implosivelsvrfp3rfs,table #b4brfelhl1les~asciipg8gee~ascii "<#bcf-#abde">2 ,u"6#jbfjhl2hooktop ;g2 #affhl3voic$ vel> implosivehl1les~ascii89gee~ascii "<#bcf-#ce-#abde">2 ,u"6#jbi,bhl2hooktop small capital ;g2 #afhhl3voic$ uvul> implosivehl1les~ascii&pee~ascii "<#abcdf-#abcd">2 ,u"6#jbihhl2bull's eye2 #agfhl3bilabial clickhl1les~ascii&?ee~ascii "<#abcdf-#adef">2 ,u"6#ja,c#jhl2pipe2 #agghl3d5tal clickhl1les~ascii&tee~ascii "<#abcdf-#bcde">2 ,u"6#ja,c#chl2exclama;n po9t2 #aghhl3"alveol> clickhl1les~ascii&:ee~ascii "<#abcdf-#aef">2 ,u"6#ja,c#bhl2d\ble-b>r$ pipe2 #agihl3palatoalveol> clickhl1les~asciill&lee~ascii "<#abcdf-#abc">2 ,u"6#ja,c#ahl2d\ble pipe2 #ahjhl3alveol> lat]al click<ee~stairstep-1.ee~box-longes~para.,j z 9 ! 9kpr9t ,,ipa1 ejectives 9 ,,ipa ,brl d n h unique glyphs1 b >e notat$ by plac+ ! ,,ipa apo/rophe diacritic es~ascii.="'ee~ascii " immly af ! homolog\s pulmonic 3sonant4 ,= example3 ee~para.es~text-start.#acsk1ee~text-start.les~asciip"'ee~ascii ejective bilabial plosive<es~asciit"'ee~ascii ejective d5tal_/alveol> plosive les~asciik"'ee~ascii ejective vel> plosive les~asciis"'ee~ascii ejective alveol> fricative lles~h1.#b4c4 ,o!r ,symbols ee~h1.svrfp3rfs#b4c4 ,o!r ,symbolsrfees~para.,? sec;n ( ! 9kpr9t ,,ipa *>t 3si/s ( pulmonic 3sonants : >e co->ticulat$ or produc$ simultane\sly4 ,x al 9cludes ! epiglottal 3sonants1 ^: place ( >ticula;n is n g5]ally li/$ on ! pulmonic 3sonant *>t xf4 ee~para.pgsvrfp3rfs,table #b4crfesk1es~h1.in-toc.,table #b4c3 ,o!r ,pulmonic ,3sonantsee~h1.in-toc.les~box-longes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,,brl "2 unicode,'<>,,,typographic desc42 ipa_?,'<>>,,>ticulatory ,,desc4es~ascii@.>ee~asciiee~note.sk1es~stairstep-1.es~ascii6wee~ascii "<#bce-#bdef">2 ,u"6#jbh,dhl2turn$ ;w2 #afihl3voice.s labial-vel> fricativelhl1les~asciiwee~ascii "<#bdef">2 ,u"6#jjgghl2l[]case ;w2 #agjhl3voic$ labial-vel> approximanthl1les~ascii4hee~ascii "<#bef-#abe">2 ,u"6#jbfehl2turn$ ;h2 #agahl3voic$ labial-palatal approximantllhl1l9h "<#ce-#abe">2 ,u"6#jbi,chl2small capital ;h2 #agbhl3voice.s epiglottal fricativehl1les~ascii82ee~ascii "<#bcf-#bc">2 ,u"6#jb,a#ahl2b>r$ glottal /op2 #agchl3epiglottal plosivelsvrfp3rfs,table #b4crfehl1les~ascii92ee~ascii "<#ce-#bc">2 ,u"6#jb,a#bhl2b>r$ rev]s$ glottal /op2 #agdhl3voic$ epiglottal fricative<ee~stairstep-1.es~text-start.#adee~text-start.es~stairstep-1.es~ascii8$ee~ascii "<#bcf-#abdf">2 ,u"6#jbfghl2hooktop h5g2 #agehl3simultane\s voice.s po/alveol> & vel> fricativehl1les~ascii8#ee~ascii "<#bcf-#cdef">2 ,u"6#jbg,ahl2turn$ l;g-leg ;r2 #ahahl3voic$ alveol> lat]al flaphl1les~ascii8cee~ascii "<#bcf-#ad">2 ,u"6#jbeehl2curly-tail ;c2 #ahbhl3voice.s alveolopalatal fricative<ee~stairstep-1.es~stairstep-1.8z "<#bcf-#acef">2 ,u"6#jbiahl2curly-tail ;z2 #ahchl3voic$ alveolopalatal fricativehl16l "<#bce-#abc">2 ,u"6#jbf,bhl2l[]case ;l ) tilde2 #bjihl3vel>iz$ voic$ alveol> lat]al approximantee~stairstep-1.ee~box-longlsvrfp3rfstable #b4crfees~para.,9 ! pr9t ,,ipa1 a6ricates & d\ble >ticula;ns may "s"ts 2 repres5t$ z two symbols 3nect$ by a ligature or tie b>4 ,:5 ? o3urs1 ,,ipa ,brl uses .=" " 2t ! glyphs 2+ jo9$4 ,? symbol %d 2 us$ to 9dicate any ( ! 9kpr9t ligatures or ties4 ,= example3 ee~para.sk1es~asciik"pee~ascii les~asciit"see~asciilsk1es~para.,! brl repres5ta;n ( common " symbols = a6ricates & o!r s.ds n %[n "h w 2 4cuss$ 2l 9 ,sec;n #c4a4 ee~para.es~text-start.#aeee~text-start.es~h1.#b4d4 ,v[elsee~h1.es~para.,v[els >e spee* s.ds produc$ by lmodulat+ ! airfl[ bas$ on ! %ape ( ! oral cav;y4 ,! ?ree >ticulatory f1tures us$ 9 ! descrip;n ( v[els >e3 heid ! front or ! back ( ! m\?2 & lip r.d+,-:e!r ! lips >e r.d$ or unr.d$4 ,mov+ f ! top to ! bottom ( ! m\?1 ! f\r heid 9kpr9t ,,ipa v[el quadrilat]al >e3 ,close1 ,close-mid1 ,op5-mid1 & ,op54 ,! ?ree posi;ns ( t;gue adv.e;t t make up ! column h1d+s 9 ! /&>d 9kpr9t ,,ipa v[el quadrilat]al >e front1 c5tral1 & back4 "<,"s phonetic tradi;ns may categorize v[els bas$ on o!r f1tures s* z 8t5se01 8lax01 etc4 ,! "os giv5 "h >e ! (ficial t]ms us$ by ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n4"> ee~para.lsvrfp3rfs,table #b4drfesk1les~h1.in-toc.,table #b4d3 ,v[elsee~h1.in-toc.les~box-longes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,,brl "2 unicode,'<>,,,typographic desc42 ipa_?,'<>>,,>ticulatory ,,desc4es~ascii@.>ee~asciiee~note.lsk1es~stairstep-1.es~asciiiee~ascii "<#bd">2 ,u"6#jjfihl2l[]case i2 #cjahl3close front unr.d$ v[elhl1les~asciipgeee~ascii "<#ae">2 ,u"6#jjfehl2l[]case ;e2 #cjbhl3close-mid front unr.d$ v[elhl1es~ascii>ee~ascii "<#cde">2 ,u"6#jbe,bhl2epsilon2 #cjchl3op5-mid front unr.d$ v[elhl1les~asciiaee~ascii "<#a">2 ,u"6#jjfahl2l[]case a2 #cjdhl3op5 front unr.d$ v[elhl1les~ascii*ee~ascii "<#af">2 ,u"6#jbeahl2script a2 #cjehl3op5 back unr.d$ v[elee~stairstep-1.hl1les~text-start.#afee~text-start.es~stairstep-1.es~ascii<ee~ascii "<#abf">2 ,u"6#jbedhl2op5 o2 #cjfhl3op5-mid back r.d$ v[elhl1les~asciioee~ascii "<#ace">2 ,u"6#jjf,fhl2l[]case o2 #cjghl3close-mid back r.d$ v[elhl1es~asciiuee~ascii "<#acf">2 ,u"6#jjgehl2l[]case ;u2 #cjhhl3close back r.d$ v[el hl1es~asciipgyee~ascii "<#acdef">2 ,u"6#jjgihl2l[]case ;y2 #cjihl3close front r.d$ v[elhl1es~ascii\ee~ascii "<#abef">2 ,u"6#jj,f#hhl2sla%$ o2 #cajhl3close-mid front r.d$ v[elhl1es~ascii[ee~ascii "<#bdf">2 ,u"6#jaechl2l[]case o-;e ligature2 #caahl3op5-mid front r.d$ v[elhl1les~ascii9[ee~ascii "<#ce-#bdf">2 ,u"6#jbgfhl2small capital o-;e ligature2 #cabhl3op5 front r.d$ v[elhl1les~ascii6*ee~ascii "<#bce-#af">2 ,u"6#jbebhl2turn$ script a2 #cachl3op5 back r.d$ v[elhl1es~ascii+ee~ascii "<#cdf">2 ,u"6#jbh,chl2turn$ ;v "et">2 #cadhl3op5-mid back unr.d$ v[elhl1les~ascii6oee~ascii "<#bce-#ace">2 ,u"6#jbfdhl2ram's horns2 #caehl3close-mid back unr.d$ v[elhl1les~ascii6uee~ascii "<#bce-#acf">2 ,u"6#jbf,fhl2turn$ ;m2 #cafhl3close back unr.d$ v[elhl1les~ascii0iee~ascii "<#cef-#bd">2 ,u"6#jbfhhl2b>r$ i2 #caghl3close c5tral unr.d$ v[elhl1les~ascii0uee~ascii "<#cef-#acf">2 ,u"6#jbhihl2b>r$ ;u2 #cahhl3close c5tral r.d$ v[elhl1les~ascii/ee~ascii "<#cd">2 ,u"6#jbf,ahl2small capital i2 #caihl3ne>-close ne>-front unr.d$ v[el<ee~stairstep-1.es~text-start.#agee~text-start.es~stairstep-1.es~ascii9yee~ascii "<#ce-#acdef">2 ,u"6#jbh,fhl2small capital ;y2 #cbjhl3ne>-close ne>-front r.d$ v[elhl1les~ascii(ee~ascii "<#abcef">2 ,u"6#jbh,ahl2upsilon2 #cbahl3ne>-close ne>-back r.d$ v[elhl1l5 "<#bf">2 ,u"6#jbeihl2s*wa2 #cbbhl3mid c5tral v[elhl1les~ascii0oee~ascii "<#cef-#ace">2 ,u"6#jbgehl2b>r$ o2 #cbchl3close-mid c5tral r.d$ v[elhl1les~asciipg6aee~ascii "<#bce-#a">2 ,u"6#jbejhl2turn$ a2 #cbdhl3ne>-op5 c5tral v[elhl1les~ascii%ee~ascii "<#adf">2 ,u"6#jj,e#fhl2a%2 #cbehl3ne>-op5 front unr.d$ v[elhl1les~ascii6>ee~ascii "<#bce-#cde">2 ,u"6#jbe,chl2rev]s$ epsilon2 #cbfhl3op5-mid c5tral unr.d$ v[ellhl1les~ascii5"ree~ascii "<#bf-#e-#abce">2 ,u"6#jbe,ahl2"r-hook s*wa2 #cbghl3;r-color$ mid c5tral v[elhl1les~ascii8>ee~ascii "<#bcf-#cde">2 ,u"6#jbe,ehl2clos$ rev]s$ epsilon2 #ciehl3op5-mid c5tral r.d$ v[elhl1les~ascii6eee~ascii "<#bce-#ae">2 ,u"6#jbehhl2rev]s$ ;e2 #cighl3close-mid c5tral unr.d$ v[el ee~stairstep-1.ee~box-longlsvrfp3rfsta4 #b4d1 #b4e diacr4rfeles~h1.#b4e4 ,diacritics ee~h1.es~para.,diacritics >e symbols t 9dicate subtle modifica;ns 9 ! pronuncia;n ( a 3sonant or v[el4 ,9 ! 9kpr9t ,,ipa1 comb9+ diacritics may take ?ree posi;ns relative to a base glyph3 abv "1 at ! same level "1 or 2l "4 ,9 ,,ipa ,brl1 ! comb9+ diacritic symbol alw comes af ! base glyph 2+ modifi$4 ,! f/ cell ( ! brl comb9+ diacritic is a place;t 9dicator1 repres5t+ ! level ( ! svrfp3rfs#b4e ,diacriticsrfediacritic by us+ "o ( ! ?ree dots 9 ! "r-h& column ( ! brl cell4 es~ascii.=@ee~ascii " 9dicates t ! diacritic appe>s abv ! base glyph,-ei directly abv1 or sup]script af4 es~ascii.=,ee~ascii " 9dicates t ! diacritic appe>s 2l ! base glyph,-ei directly 2n1 or subscript af4 .=es~ascii"ee~ascii " 9dicates t ! diacritic is on ! same level z ! base glyph,-ei sup]impos$ "? ! c5t] ( ! glyph1 or immly af x4 ,2c "! >e only ?ree same-level ,,ipa diacritics "<es~ascii.="]ee~ascii 8sup]impos$ tilde0 to 9dicate vel>iza;n_/ph>yng1liza;n1 es~ascii.="ree~ascii 8"r-hook0 to 9dicate rhotic;y1 & es~ascii.="'ee~ascii 8apo/rophe0 to 9dicate an ejective">1 dot #e al 9dicates ! 9kpr9t tie b> or ligature1 & is plac$ 2t ! two base glyphs : >e ti$ or ligatur$ tgr = : "! is no ,,ipa symbol uniquely def9$ "4 ,9 addi;n1 o!r ,,ipa modifi]s " >e non-comb9+1 m1n+ t !y d n comb9e ) a base glyph 9 any ( ^! posi;ns1 b 9/1d func;n z if !y 7 lrs4 ,,ipa ,brl uses es~ascii.=_ee~ascii " z ! f/ cell ( mo/ non-comb9+ modifi]s1 9clud+ t"o b>s1 9tona;n >r[s1 & prosodic gr\p+ symbols illu/rat$ 2l 9 ,sec;ns #b4f & #b4g4 les~para.,"s comb9+ diacritics may o3ur at all ?ree levels1 & ! level ( ! diacritic w det]m9e xs >ticulatory m1n+4 ,= example1 ! " diacritic " may o3ur at any ( ^! ?ree levels4 ,:5 x o3urs abv a base glyph1 e4g4 es~ascii^(a@]^)ee~ascii x 9dicates nasaliza;n2 :5 x is sup]impos$ "? a base glyph1 e4g4 es~ascii^(t"]^)ee~ascii x 9dicates vel>iza;n or ph>yng1liza;n2 & a tilde 2l a base glyph1 e4g4 es~ascii^(a,]^)ee~ascii 9dicates cr1ky voice4 ee~para.es~text-start.#aiee~text-start.es~para.,o!r comb9+ diacritics may 2 plac$ ei abv or 2l ! base glyph1 dep5d+ on :e!r t glyph has a desc5d] 9 pr9t4 ,= example1 ! " diacritic " 9dicates t a voic$ s.d is 2+ pron\nc$ z voice.s4 ,x o3urs 2l 9kpr9t glyphs t d n h desc5d]s1 e4g4 es~ascii^(a,$^)ee~ascii1 & x o3urs abv 9kpr9t glyphs t h desc5d]s1 e4g4 es~ascii^($@$^)ee~ascii4 ee~para.es~para.,note t ,,ipa ,brl diacritics >e explicitly def9$ z multi-cell1 composite "*s1 9clud+ ! place;t 9dicator "4 ,? is crucial = two r1sons4 ,f/1 z j 4cuss$1 ! 9itial dot %[s ! v]tical posi;n ) respect to ! base glyph4 ,second1 ! 9itial dot cle>ly 9dicates t ! brl symbol repres5ts a comb9+ diacritic1 r ?an a 3sonant or v[el t may happ5 to h ! same ,,ipa ,brl dot 3figura;n4 ,= 9/.e1 z %[n 9 ! pulmonic 3sonant *>t 9 ,sec;n #b4a1 ! ,,ipa ,brl symbol es~ascii.=$ee~ascii " repres5ts ! voic$ vel> nasal "<5g">1 & ! ,,ipa ,brl symbol es~ascii.=]ee~ascii " repres5ts ! voic$ d5tal fricative "<$h">4 ,9 ! abv examples1 ! " & " diacritics >e cle>ly 4t9ct f ! 3sonants es~ascii^(]^)ee~ascii & es~ascii^($^)ee~ascii respectively1 2c ( ! 9itial place;t dot t m>ks !m z brl comb9+ diacritics4 ,? is true ( _m symbols 9 ! foll[+ table1 ^: dot 3figura;ns may 9dicate a 3sonant or v[el if n prec$$ by a diacritic place;t dot4 lee~para.es~para.,= purposes ( 3si/5cy1 ! roots ( _m ( ! ,,ipa ,brl comb9+ diacritics >e id5tical to ^? def9$ 9 ,unifi$ ,5gli% ,brl "<,,ueb">1 specifically ! ,,ueb symbols es~ascii.=/ee~ascii " 8acute a35t01 es~ascii.=*ee~ascii " 8grave a35t01 es~ascii.=]ee~ascii " 8tilde01 es~ascii.=3ee~ascii " 8umlaut01 es~ascii.=%ee~ascii " 8circumflex01 & es~ascii.=$ee~ascii " 8circle04 ,h["e1 unlike _! ,,ueb c.t]"ps1 9 ,,ipa ,brl ! comb9+ diacritic alw comes af ! glyph t x lee~para.es~text-start.#bjee~text-start.es~para.continue.modifies1 & alw 9cludes ! ,,ipa ,brl place;t dot to 9dicate xs posi;n relative to ! base glyph z describ$ abv4 ee~para.continue.es~para.,:5 a base glyph comb9es ) two or m diacritics1 ,,ipa ,brl transcribes !m 9 ord] f l[e/ to hik"> wd 2 transcrib$ 9 ,,ipa ,brl z es~ascii^(r,2@%3^)ee~ascii1 2g9n+ ) ! base glyph1 foll[$ by ! bottom-mo/ comb9+ diacritic1 mov+ upw>d to ! top-mo/ comb9+ diacritic1 & !n foll[$ by ! non-comb9+ modifi]4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,,ipa seg;t " wd 2 transcrib$ 9 ,,ipa ,brl z es~ascii^(6u,$@]^)ee~ascii4 "<,^! two examples come f ! ,croatian & ,portuguese sample ,,ipa passages pres5t$ 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,see ! ,app5dix = m examples4"> ee~para.es~para.,note t ! "r-mo/ column 9 ! foll[+ table gives an example ( diacritic usage4 ,^! examples >e = illu/rative purposes only1 z ea* ( ^! comb9+ diacritics may o3ur ) any numb] ( base glyphs 2ss ! "o depict$ "h 9 ! example4 ee~para.lsvrfp3rfs,table #b4erfeles~h1.in-toc.,table #b4e3 ,diacritics ee~h1.in-toc.les~box-longes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,,brl "2 unicode,'<>,,,typographic desc42 ipa_?,'<>> ,,m1n+2 ,,example@.>ee~note.lsk1es~stairstep-1.es~ascii"'ee~ascii "<#e-#c">2 ,u"6#jb,,bchl2apo/rophe2 #djahl3ejective2 es~asciit"'ee~ascii hl1es~ascii,$ee~ascii "<#f-#abdf">2 ,u"6#jcbehl2r+ 2l2 #djb,ahl3voice.s2 es~asciib,$ee~ascii hl1es~asciipg@$ee~ascii "<#d-#abdf">2 ,u"6#jcj,ahl2r+ abv2 #djb,bhl3voice.s2 es~asciig@$ee~asciihl1es~ascii,8ee~ascii "<#f-#bcf">2 ,u"6#jcb,chl2w$ge 2l2 #djchl3voic$2 es~asciit,8ee~ascii llee~stairstep-1.es~text-start.#baee~text-start.les~stairstep-1.es~ascii@hee~ascii "<#d-#abe">2 ,u"6#jb,b#jhl2sup]script ;h2 #djdhl3aspirat$2 txg1tq~@h hl1es~ascii,3ee~ascii txg2"<#f-#be">2 ,u"6#jcbdhl2umlaut 2l2 #djehl3br1?y voic$2 es~asciib,3ee~asciihl1es~ascii,]ee~ascii "<#f-#abdef">2 ,u"6#jccjhl2tilde 2l2 #djfhl3cr1ky voic$2 es~asciie,]ee~asciihl1es~ascii,&ee~ascii "<#f-#abcdf">2 ,u"6#jcc,chl2s1gull 2l2 #djghl3l+uolabial2 es~asciit,&ee~asciihl1es~ascii,?ee~ascii "<#f-#adef">2 ,u"6#jcb,ahl2bridge 2l2 #djhhl3d5tal2 es~asciit,?ee~asciihl1es~asciipg,6?ee~ascii "<#f-#bce-#adef">2 ,u"6#jcc,ahl29v]t$ bridge 2l2 #djihl3apical2 es~asciit,6?ee~asciihl1es~ascii,7ee~ascii "<#f-#bcef">2 ,u"6#jcc,bhl2squ>e 2l2 #daj<hl3lam9al2 es~asciir,7ee~asciihl1es~ascii,oee~ascii "<#f-#ace">2 ,u"6#jccihl2"r half-r+ 2l2 #daahl3m r.d$2 es~asciie,oee~asciihl1es~ascii,[ee~ascii "<#f-#bdf">2 ,u"6#jca,chl2left half-r+ 2l2 #dabhl3less r.d$2 es~asciio,[ee~asciihl1es~ascii,+ee~ascii "<#f-#cdf">2 ,u"6#jca,f hl2plus 2l2 #dachl3adv.ed2 es~asciio,+ee~asciihl1es~ascii,-ee~ascii "<#f-#cf">2 ,u"6#jcbjhl2m9us 2l2 #dadhl3retract$2 es~asciie,-ee~asciihl1es~ascii@3ee~ascii "<#d-#be">2 ,u"6#jcjhhl2umlaut abv2 #daehl3c5traliz$2 es~asciie@3ee~asciihl1es~ascii@xee~ascii "<#d-#acdf">2 ,u"6#jcc,dhl2ov]-cross abv2 #dafhl3mid-c5traliz$2 es~asciie@xee~asciihl1es~ascii,:ee~ascii "<#f-#aef">2 ,u"6#jcah:;hl2advanc+ sign 2l2 #daghl3adv.ed t;gue root2 es~asciie,:ee~asciihl1es~ascii,see~ascii "<#f-#bcd">2 ,u"6#jcaihl2retract+ sign 2l2 #dahhl3retract$ t;gue root2 es~asciie,see~asciihl1es~ascii"ree~ascii "<#e-#abce">2 ,u"6#jb,,dehl2"r hook2 #daihl3rhotic;y2 es~asciie"ree~asciillee~stairstep-1.es~text-start.#bbee~text-start.es~stairstep-1.es~ascii@wee~ascii "<#d-#bdef">2 ,u"6#jb,b#ghl2sup]script ;w2 #dbjhl3labializ$2 es~asciie@wee~asciihl1es~ascii@jee~ascii "<#d-#bde">2 ,u"6#jb,b#bhl2sup]script ;j2 #dbahl3palataliz$2 es~asciit@jee~asciihl1es~ascii@.gee~ascii "<#d-#df-#abde">2 ,u"6#jb,e#jhl2sup]script gamma2 #dbbhl3vel>iz$2 es~asciit@.gee~asciihl1es~ascii@62ee~ascii "<#d-#bce-#bc">2 ,u"6#jb,e#dhl2sup]script rev]s$ glottal /op2 #dbc<hl3ph>yng1liz$2 es~asciie@62ee~asciihl1es~asciipg@]ee~ascii "<#d-#abdef">2 ,u"6#jcjchl2tilde abv2 #dbdhl3nasaliz$2 es~asciie@]ee~asciihl2hl1es~ascii@nee~ascii "<#d-#acde">2 ,u"6#bjg,fhl2sup]script ;n2 #dbehl3nasal rel1se2 es~asciid@nee~asciihl1es~ascii@lee~ascii "<#d-#abc">2 ,u"6#jb,e#ahl2sup]script ;l2 #dbfhl3lat]al rel1se2 es~asciit@lee~asciihl1les~ascii@dee~ascii "<#d-#ade">2 ,u"6#jca,ahl2corn] abv2 #dbghl3no audible rel1se2 es~asciit@dee~asciihl1es~ascii"]ee~ascii "<#e-#abdef">2 ,u"6#jccdhl2sup]impos$ tilde2 #dbhhl3vel>iz$ or ph>yng1liz$2 es~asciit"] ee~asciihl1es~ascii,>ee~ascii "<#f-#cde">2 ,u"6#jca,dhl2rais+ sign 2l2 #dbihl3rais$2 es~asciie,>ee~asciihl1es~ascii,<ee~ascii "<#f-#abf">2 ,u"6#jca,ehl2l[]+ sign 2l2 #dcjhl3l[]$2 es~asciie,<ee~asciihl1es~ascii,2ee~ascii "<#f-#bc">2 ,u"6#jcbihl2v]tical l9e 2l2 #dcahl3syllabic2 es~asciim,2ee~asciihl1es~ascii,)ee~ascii "<#f-#bcdef">2 ,u"6#jcb,fhl2>* 2l2 #dcbhl3non-syllabic2 es~asciin,)ee~asciihl1es~ascii"ee~ascii "<#e">2 ,u"6#jcfahl2top tie b>2 #dcchl3a6ricate or d\ble >ticula;n2 es~asciik"p ee~asciiee~stairstep-1.ee~box-longes~text-start.#bcee~text-start.les~h1.#b4f4 ,supraseg;tals ee~h1.lsvrfp3rfs#b4f4 ,supraseg;talsrfees~para.,supraseg;tals ref] to f1tures t g on top ( " ! 3sonants & v[els " ( spok5 language4 ,supraseg;tal signs >e g5]ally us$ to notate ! prosody ( spee* s.ds1 syllables1 ^ws1 or phrases1 & 9dicate f1tures s* z /ress1 l5g?1 syllable br1ks1 & tim+4 ,,ipa ,brl precisely foll[s ! 9kpr9t ,,ipa 9 ! place;t ( ^! symbols4 ,9 o!r ^ws1 glyphs hav+ to d ) seg;t l5g? come af ! a6ect$ seg;t 9 brl1 j z !y d 9 pr9t1 glyphs 9dicat+ /ress come 2f ! a6ect$ syllable 9 brl1 j z !y d 9 pr9t1 & ! symbols = major & m9or 9tona;n gr\ps o3ur at ! 5d ( phrases1 j z 9 pr9t4 ,see ! sample ,,ipa passages 9 ! ,app5dix = specific examples4 ee~para.es~h1.in-toc.,table #b4f3 ,supraseg;talsee~h1.in-toc.lsvrfp3rfs,table #b4frfees~box-longes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,a s]ies ( ?ree dot #es 9dicates a blank space 9 pr9t4 ,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,,brl "2 unicode,'<>,,,typographic desc4 ipa_?,'<>>,,m1n+2 ,,examplees~ascii@.>ee~asciilee~note.sk1es~stairstep-1.es~ascii_bee~ascii "<#def-#ab">2 ,u"6#jb,c#hhl2v]tical /roke "2 #ejahl3"y"> /ress2 es~ascii"""ee~ascii hl1es~ascii_2ee~ascii "<#def-#bc">2 ,u"6#jb,,cchl2hl2v]tical /roke "<9f]ior">2 #ejbhl3second>y /ress2 es~ascii"""ee~asciihl1es~ascii3ee~ascii "<#be">2 ,u"6#jb,d#jhl2l5g? m>k2 #ejc hl3l;g2 es~asciie3ee~asciihl1pges~ascii"1ee~ascii "<#e-#b">2 ,u"6#jb,d#ahl2half-l5g? m>k2 #ejdhl3half-l;g2 es~asciie"1 ee~asciihl1es~ascii@(ee~ascii "<#d-#abcef">2 ,u"6#jcjfhl2breve abv2 #ejehl3extra-%ort2 es~asciie@(ee~asciihl1es~ascii'ee~ascii "<#c">2 ,u"6#jjb,ehl2p]iod2 #ejfhl3syllable br1k2 es~ascii"""ee~asciihl1es~ascii_\ee~ascii "<#def-#abef">2 ,u"6#jjg,chl2v]tical l9e2 #ejghl3m9or " gr\p2 es~ascii"""ee~ascii<ee~stairstep-1.es~text-start.#bdee~text-start.es~stairstep-1.es~ascii_=ee~ascii "<#def-#abcdef">2 ,u"6#bjafhl2d\ble v]tical l9e2 #ejhhl3major "<9tona;n"> gr\p2 es~ascii"""ee~asciihl1es~ascii_lee~ascii "<#def-#abc">2 ,u"6#bjc,fhl2bottom tie b>2 #ejihl3l9k+ "2 es~ascii"""ee~ascii ee~stairstep-1.ee~box-longlsvrfp3rfsta4 #b4f1 t"os @& a35ts4rfeles~h1.#b4g4 ,t"os @& ,^w ,a35ts ee~h1.es~para.,? sec;n ( ! ,,ipa *>t 3si/s ( symbols to repres5t t"o " & o!r f1tures ( lexical & phrasal 9tona;n4 ,! ,,ipa provides two equival5t sets ( symbols = 9dicat+ t"o4 ,"o set 3si/s ( comb9+ diacritics plac$ abv ! syllable nucleus1 &:; ! o!r 3si/s ( 8t"o lrs0 plac$ immly af ! relevant syllable4 ,,ipa ,brl provides repres5ta;ns = bo? me?ods4 ee~para.lsvrfp3rfs#b4g t"os @& ^w a35tsrfeles~para.,pr9t t"o lrs 3si/ ( two l9es3 "o l9e is v]tical1 provid+ a ref];e frame1 & ! o!r l9e 9t]sects x1 iconically depict+ ! relative hei glyphs z f> z possible "4 ,ea* brl t"o lr 2g9s ) es~ascii.=_ee~ascii " bo? to 9dicate a non-comb9+ modifi]1 & al to repres5t ! v]tical ref];e b> 9 ! 9kpr9t symbol4 ,! rema9+ cell" ( ! brl t"o lr repres5t ! hei5!ses 9dicate ! commonly-us$ descrip;ns ( ^! symbols bas$ on a s]ies ( numb]$ pit* regi/]s1 ": ! digit #e ref]s to ! hits at ! hi & rema9s "!1 ! numb] 8#ac0 ref]s to a 3t\r t"o t />ts at ! l[e/ pit* regi/] "<#a"> & rises to ! mid regi/] "<#c">1 & s on4 ee~para.continue.es~para.,z ) ! supraseg;tal symbols pres5t$ 9 ! previ\s sec;n1 ,,ipa ,brl precisely foll[s ! 9kpr9t place;t ( ^! diacritics & modifi]s3 plac+ up/ep & global 9tona;n symbols 2f ! a6ect$ seg;t1 syllable1 ^w1 or phrase1 plac+ a t"o b> ei 2f or af ! syllable x modifies " & by us+ es~ascii@ee~ascii " to 9dicate a t"o diacritic comb9$ abv a base glyph4 ,see ! sample ,,ipa passages 9 ! ,app5dix = specific examples4 ee~para.pgsk1es~h1.in-toc.,table #b4g3 ,t"os & ,^w ,a35ts ee~h1.in-toc.lsvrfp3rfs,table #b4grfelles~box-longes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,a s]ies ( ?ree dot #es 9dicates a blank space 9 pr9t4 ,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,,brl "2 unicode,'<>,,,typographic desc42 ipa_?,'<>>,,m1n+2 ,,examplees~ascii@.>ee~asciilee~note.sk1es~stairstep-1.es~ascii@,/ee~ascii "<#d-#f-#cd">2 ,u"6#jcj,bhl2d\ble acute a35t abv2 #eabhl3extra hi< level t"o2 es~asciieq~@,/ee~asciihl1es~ascii_@cee~ascii "<#def-#d-#ad">2 ,u"6#jb,e#ehl2extra-hi< "<#ee"> t"o b>2 #eaihl3extra hi< level t"o2 es~ascii"""ee~asciihl1es~ascii@/ee~ascii "<#d-#cd">2 ,u"6#jcjahl2acute a35t abv2 #eachl3hi< level t"o2 es~asciie@/ ee~asciihl1es~ascii_cee~ascii "<#def-#ad">2 ,u"6#jb,e#fhl2hi< "<#dd"> t"o b>2 #ebjhl3hi< level t"o2 es~ascii"""ee~ascii hl1es~asciipg@cee~ascii "<#d-#ad">2 ,u"6#jcjdhl2macron abv2 #eadhl3mid level t"o2 es~asciie@c ee~asciihl1es~ascii_3ee~ascii "<#def-#be">2 ,u"6#jb,e#ghl2mid "<#cc"> t"o b>2 #ebahl3mid level t"o2 es~ascii"""ee~ascii hl1es~ascii@*ee~ascii "<#d-#af">2 ,u"6#jcjjhl2grave a35t abv2 #eaehl3l[ level t"o2 es~asciie@* ee~ascii<ee~stairstep-1.es~text-start.#bfee~text-start.es~stairstep-1.es~ascii_-ee~ascii "<#def-#cf">2 ,u"6#jb,e#hhl2l[ "<#bb"> t"o b>2 #ebbhl3l[ level t"o2 es~ascii"""ee~ascii hl1es~ascii@,*ee~ascii "<#d-#f-#af">2 ,u"6#jcj,fhl2d\ble grave a35t abv2 #eafhl3extra l[ level t"o2 es~asciie@,*ee~asciihl1es~ascii_,-ee~ascii "<#def-#f-#cf">2 ,u"6#jb,e#ihl2extra-l[ "<#aa"> t"o b>2 #ebchl3extra l[ level t"o2 es~ascii"""ee~ascii hl1es~ascii@8ee~ascii "<#d-#bcf">2 ,u"6#jcj,chl2w$ge abv2 #ebdhl3ris+ 3t\r t"o2 es~asciie@8ee~asciihl1es~asciipg_/ee~ascii "<#def-#cd">2 ,u"6#jb,e#i "6 ,u"6#jb,e#ehl2ris+ "<#ae"> t"o b>2 #ebi<hl3ris+ 3t\r t"o2 es~ascii"""ee~asciihl1es~ascii@%ee~ascii "<#d-#adf">2 ,u"6#jcjbhl2circumflex abv2 #ebehl3fall+ 3t\r t"o2 es~asciie@% ee~asciihl1es~ascii_*ee~ascii "<#def-#af">2 ,u"6#jb,e#e "6 ,u"6#jb,e#ihl2fall+ "<#ea"> t"o b>2 #ecjhl3fall+ 3t\r t"o2 es~ascii""" ee~asciihl1es~ascii@iee~ascii "<#d-#bd">2 ,u"6#a,,dc#dhl2macron-acute abv2 #ebfhl3hi<-ris+ 3t\r t"o2 es~asciie@i ee~asciihl1es~ascii_iee~ascii "<#def-#bd">2 ,u"6#jb,e#g "6 ,u"6#jb,e#ehl2hi<-ris+ "<#ce"> t"o b>2 #ecahl3hi<-ris+ 3t\r t"o2 es~ascii""" ee~asciihl1es~ascii@9ee~ascii "<#d-#ce">2 ,u"6#a,,dc#ehl2grave-macron abv2 #ebghl3l[-ris+ 3t\r t"o2 es~asciie@9 ee~asciihl1es~asciipg_9ee~ascii "<#def-#ce">2 ,u"6#jb,e#i "6 ,u"6#jb,e#ghl2 l[-ris+ "<#ac"> t"o b>2 #ecbhl3l[-ris+ 3t\r t"o2 es~ascii""" ee~asciihl1es~ascii@4ee~ascii "<#d-#bef">2 ,u"6#a,,dc#hhl2grave-acute-grave abv2 #ebhhl3ris+-fall+ 3t\r t"o2 es~asciie@4 ee~ascii<ee~stairstep-1.es~text-start.#bgee~text-start.es~stairstep-1.es~ascii_4ee~ascii "<#def-#bef">2 ,u"6#jb,e#h "6 ,u"6#jb,e#e "6 ,u"6#jb,e#h2 hl2ris+-fall+ "<#aea"> t"o b>2 #ecchl3ris+-fall+ 3t\r t"o2 es~ascii""" ee~asciihl1es~ascii_!ee~ascii "<#def-#bcdf">2 ,u"6#baic or ,u"6,f#ai,dhl2d[n >r[2 #eaghl3d[n/ep2 es~ascii""" ee~asciihl1es~ascii_$ee~ascii "<#def-#abdf">2 ,u"6#baia or ,u"6,f#ai,chl2up >r[2 #eahhl3up/ep2 es~ascii""" ee~asciihl1es~ascii_dee~ascii "<#def-#ade">2 ,u"6#baighl2upw>d diagonal >r[2 #eajhl3global rise2 es~ascii""" ee~asciihl1es~asciipg_0ee~ascii "<#def-#cef">2 ,u"6#baihhl2d[nw>d diagonal >r[2 #eaahl3global fall2 es~ascii"""ee~asciiee~box-longee~stairstep-1.lsvrfp3rfs#b4h4 ,5closuresrfeles~h1.#b4h4 ,phonetic & ,phonemic ,5closures ee~h1.es~para.,x is recomm5d$ by ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n1 & is 3v5;nal 9 pr(es.nal 3texts1 to alw 5close ,,ipa mat]ial 9 squ>e brackets = phonetic transcrip;n1 & to 5close ,,ipa mat]ial 2t =w>d sla%es = phonemic transcrip;n4 ,? sep>ates passages ( ,,ipa f /&>d or?ography1 & 9dicates to ! r1d] ! level ( phonetic detail 2+ repres5t$4 ,! ,,ipa ,brl equival5ts ( ^! symbols >e z foll[s3 ee~para.pges~text-start.#bhee~text-start.sk1es~h1.in-toc.,table #b4h3 ,phonetic & l,phonemic ,5closures ee~h1.in-toc.lsvrfp3rfs,table #b4hrfeles~boxes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,,brl "2 unicode,'<>,,,typographic desc42 ipa_?,'<>>,,m1n+es~ascii@.>ee~ascii <ee~note.sk1es~stairstep-1.es~ascii^(ee~ascii "<#de-#abcef">2 ,u"6#jje,bhl2left squ>e bracket2 #ijahl32g9 phonetic transcrip;n hl1es~ascii^)ee~ascii "<#de-#bcdef">2 ,u"6#jje,dhl2"r squ>e bracket2 #ijbhl35d phonetic transcrip;n hl1es~ascii^/ee~ascii "<#de-#cd">2 ,u"6#jjb,fhl2sla%2 #ijchl32g9_/5d phonemic transcrip;n ee~stairstep-1.ee~boxes~para.,z 9 9kpr9t1 ^! symbols %d alw 2 us$ 9 brl1 to 9dicate t ! 5clos$ mat]ial %d 2 r1d z ,,ipa ,brl "<9/1d (1 say1 a 3tract$ lit]>y brl code">1 & to 9dicate :e!r ! mat]ial is ( a phonetic or phonemic nature4 ,9 addi;n to ! 5closure lsvrfp3rfs#b4h ,5closuresrfelsymbols li/$ abv1 ! legislative bodies " responsible = ov]sik ! transi;n f "o brl code to ano!r1 e4g4 "o code-swit* 9dicator to %[ t ! text is n[ 9 ,,ipa ,brl r ?an ,unifi$ ,5gli% ,brl1 & !n a di6]5t code-swit* 9dicator to signal ! 5d ( ! ,,ipa ,brl text & a return to ,unifi$ ,5gli% ,brl4 ,:5"e possible1 h["e1 ? $itor recomm5ds ! avoid.e ( complex code-swit* 9dicators2 9/1d1 ! phonetic & phonemic 5closure signs !mvs %d 2 us$ = ? purpose1 9 ord] to make ! result+ text less clutt]$ & m r1d]-frly4 ,$itor's recomm5da;n aside h["e1 ! rules ab :e!r1 h[ (t51 & 9 :at 3texts code-swit* 9dicatorslee~para.es~text-start.#biee~text-start.es~para.continue.>e to 2 us$ >e ultimately up to ! det]m9a;n ( ea* ( ! brl legislative bodies2 9t]e/$ r1d]s & transcrib]s %d *eck ) _! local brl au?or;y = specific rules & recomm5da;ns = be/ practices ( 9dicat+ t a glyph1 ^w1 or passage is writt5 9 ,,ipa ,brl r ?an 9 ! local brl code4 ee~para.continue.lsvrfp3rfs#c4 non-,,ipa symb4rfeles~h1.#c4 ,non-,,ipa ,symbols ee~h1.es~para.,! tables 9 ,sec;n #b h pres5t$ ,,ipa ,brl equival5ts = #ahj glyphs,-all ( ! symbols curr5tly on ! (ficial ,,ipa *>t "<9clud+ phonetic & phonemic ll5closures">4 ,? is no easy task1 3sid]+ t "! >e only #fc unique dot comb9a;ns 9 ! brl cell4 ,9 o!r ^ws1 ! numb] ( (ficial ,,ipa "*s is ne>ly ?ree "ts ! numb] ( unique1 s+le-cell brl dot comb9a;ns4 ,9 addi;n to ! glyphs pres5t$ abv1 /ud5ts & pr(es.nals 9 ! language sci;es w und\bt$ly 5c.t] _m m phonetic symbols t >e n (ficially 5dors$ by ! svrfp3rfs#c4a4 com4 symb4 & punc4rfe,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n1 & ?us >e n li/$ 9 ! abv tables4 ,= a full ov]view ( mo/ ( ^! 9kpr9t symbols1 see ,pullum & ,ladusaw "<#aiif">4 ,! curr5t sec;n (f]s recomm5da;ns = ways ( d1l+ ) non-,,ipa glyphs1 9clud+3 us+ ! exi/+ res\rces ( ,,ipa ,brl to repres5t !m "<,sec;n #c4a">1 us+ a set ( docu;t-specific1 transcrib]-def9$ symbols "<,sec;n #c4b">1 & us+ tempor>y swit* 9dicators to 9corporate symbols s* z punctua;n & num]als f ano!r brl code "<,sec;n #c4c">4 ee~para.es~h1.#c4a4 ,common ,phonetic ,symbols & ,punctua;n ee~h1.es~para.,2c ,,ipa ,brl 9cludes a robu/ sy/em = d1l+ ) diacritics & modifi]s1 _m ( ! frequ5tly-5c.t]$ non-,,ipa symbols c n"o!.s 2 easily repres5t$4 ,= 9/.e1 "o widely-us$ sy/em ( transcrib+ po/alveol> fricatives lee~para.es~text-start.#cjee~text-start.es~para.continue.& a6ricates " places ! hacek "<8w$ge0"> diacritic ov] a base 3sonant4 ,,ipa ,brl easily a3ommodates ? by us+ ! equival5t ,,ipa ,brl diacritic es~ascii.=@8ee~ascii " 8w$ge abv04 ,! ,,ipa ,brl repres5ta;ns ( ^! 3sonants >e "!=e z foll[s3 ee~para.continue.lsvrfp3rfs,table #c4arfeles~h1.in-toc.,table #c4a3 ,non-,,ipa ,symbols = ,po/alveol> ,fricatives l& ,a6ricates ee~h1.in-toc.les~boxes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,,brl "2 unicode,'<>,,,typographic desc42 ipa_?,' <>>,,>ticulatory ,,desc4es~ascii@.>ee~ascii lee~note.sk1es~stairstep-1.es~asciis@8ee~ascii "<#bcd-#d-#bcf">2 ,u"6#jafahl2;s w$ge2 #bighl3voice.s po/alveol> fricativehl1es~asciipgz@8ee~ascii "<#acef-#d-#bcf">2 ,u"6#jag,ehl2;z w$ge2 #bifhl3voic$ po/alveol> fricative hl1es~asciic@8ee~ascii "<#ad-#d-#bcf">2 ,u"6#jaj,dhl2;c w$ge2 #biihl3voice.s po/alveol> a6ricate hl1es~asciij@8ee~ascii "<#bde-#d-#bcf">2 ,u"6#ja,f#jhl2;j w$ge2 #bihhl3voic$ po/alveol> a6ricateee~stairstep-1.ee~boxles~para.,ano!r set ( non-,,ipa symbols t c easily 2 a3ommodat$ by ! exi/+ res\rces ( ,,ipa ,brl >e ! ligatur$ a6ricate symbols,-previ\sly us$ 9 ! 9kpr9t ,,ipa1 b n[ )drawn 9 favor ( non-ligatur$ a6ricates 3si/+ ( two glyphs4 ,us+ ! 8tie b>0 symbol es~ascii.="ee~ascii "1 to 9dicate ! ligature1 ! ,,ipa ,brl repres5ta;ns ( ^! glyphs >e "!=e z foll[s3 lee~para.pges~text-start.#caee~text-start.lsvrfp3rfs,table #c4brfesk1les~h1.in-toc.,table #c4b3 ,non-,,ipa ,symbols = ,ligatur$ ,a6ricatesee~h1.in-toc.les~box-longes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,,brl "2 unicode,'<>,,,typographic desc4 ipa_?,' <>>,,>ticulatory ,,desc4es~ascii@.>ee~ascii lee~note.sk1es~stairstep-1.es~asciit"see~ascii "<#bcde-#e-#bcd">2 ,u"6#jb,a#fhl2;t-;s ligature2 #baahl3voice.s alveol> a6ricate hl1es~asciid"zee~ascii "<#ade-#e-#acef">2 ,u"6#jb,a#chl2;d-;z ligature2 #babhl3voic$ alveol> a6ricatehl1es~asciit":ee~ascii "<#bcde-#e-#aef">2 ,u"6#jb,a#ghl2;t-e% ligature2 #bachl3voice.s po/alveol> a6ricate hl1es~asciid"!ee~ascii "<#ade-#e-#bcdf">2 ,u"6#jb,a#dhl2;d-ezh ligature2 #badhl3voic$ po/alveol> a6ricate hl1es~asciipgt"8cee~ascii "<#bcde-#e-#bcf-#ad">2 ,u"6#jb,a#hhl2;t-curly-tail-;c ligature2 #baehl3voice.s alveolopalatal a6ricate lsvrfp3rfs,tables #c4b1 #c4crfelhl1es~asciid"8zee~ascii "<#ade-#e-#bcf-#acef">2 ,u"6#jb,a#ehl2;d-curly-tail-;z ligature2 #bafhl3voic$ alveolopalatal a6ricate lee~stairstep-1.ee~box-longes~para.,,ipa ,brl def9es ! foll[+ punctua;n symbols1 : may 2 use;l 9 ! transcrip;n ( "s phonetic & phonemic passages4 "<,note t ! p]iod is an (ficial ,,ipa symbol & 0 alr li/$ 9 ,table #b4f4 ,x is rep1t$ "h = 3v5i;e4"> ee~para.es~text-start.#cbee~text-start.sk1es~h1.in-toc.,table #c4c3 ,non-,,ipa ,symbols l= ,punctua;nee~h1.in-toc.les~boxes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,,brl "2 unicode,'< ,,,typographic desc42 ipa_?,' <>>,,m1n+es~ascii@.>ee~asciiee~note.sk1es~stairstep-1.es~asciipg'ee~ascii "<#c">2 ,u"6#jjb,ehl2p]iod2 #ejfhl3syllable br1k_/p]iodlsvrfp3rfs,table #c4crfelhl1es~ascii1ee~ascii "<#b">2 ,u"6#jjb,c<hl2comma2 #diahl3pause_/txg1commahl1txg2es~ascii-ee~ascii "<#cf">2 ,u"6#jjb,dhl2hyph5 "2 n_/ahl3morpheme br1k_/hyph5 hl1es~ascii_oee~ascii "<#def-#ace">2 ,u"6#baibhl2"rw>d >r[2 n_/ahl3rewrite >r[ " ee~stairstep-1.ee~boxes~para.,o!r punctua;n symbols n specifically def9$ 9 ,,ipa ,brl m/ 2 ei repres5t$ us+ a transcrib]-def9$ symbol " or 9corporat$ f ano!r brl code us+ tempor>y swit* 9dicators "4 ee~para.sk1es~h1.pgsk1#c4b4 ,transcrib]-,def9$ ,symbols ee~h1.lsvrfp3rfs#c4b trans4-def9$ symb4rfeles~para.,if a brl equival5t _c 2 3/ruct$ = a non-,,ipa phonetic glyph us+ ! exi/+ res\rces ( ,,ipa ,brl1 ! foll[+ transcrib]-def9$1 docu;t-specific symbols may 2 us$ 9/1d4 ,ea* symbol 3si/s ( dots #df foll[$ by ! l[]-cell lrs a-;j4 ,^! symbols >e available = use by transcrib]s on an ad-hoc1 case-by-case basis :5 a symbol is us$ 9 9kpr9t t has no def9$ equival5t 9 ,,ipa ,brl4 ,if a transcrib] uses any ( ^! symbols1 a note m/ 2 9clud$ at ! 2g9n+ ( ! docu;t to /ate : pr9t symbols !y repres5t4 ,! m1n+s ( transcrib]-def9$ symbols >e only valid = ! docu;t 9 : !y >e def9$4 ,!y may o3ur z li/$ "h if !y >e repres5t+ lr-l symbols1 or !y may 2 us$ z comb9+ diacritics by prec$+ !m ) ! appropriate place;t 9dicator " z 4cuss$ 9 ,sec;n #b4e4 ,9 o!r ^ws1 if a transcrib]-def9$ symbol is 2+ us$ to repres5t a comb9+ diacritic1 !n x m/ 2 prec$$ by es~ascii.=@ee~ascii " to lee~para.es~text-start.#ccee~text-start.es~para.continue.9dicate t ! diacritic appe>s abv ! base glyph "1 es~ascii.="ee~ascii " to 9dicate t ! diacritic is on ! same level z ! base glyph "1 or es~ascii.=,ee~ascii " to 9dicate t ! diacritic appe>s 2l ! base glyph "4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x is 2+ us$ z a 3sonant1 v[el1 or non-comb9+ modifi]1 ! two-cell symbol " ne$s no place;t dot4 ee~para.continue.lsvrfp3rfs,table #c4drfeles~h1.in-toc.,table #c4d3 ,transcrib]-,def9$ ,symbols ee~h1.in-toc.les~box-longes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,brl "<,,dots"> <>,,m1n+es~ascii@.>ee~ascii sk1ee~note.es~stairstep-1.es~asciipg.1ee~ascii "<#df-#b"> hl2,transcrib]-def9$ symbol #a hl1les~ascii.2ee~ascii "<#df-#bc"> hl2,transcrib]-def9$ symbol #b hl1les~ascii.3ee~ascii "<#df-#be"> hl2,transcrib]-def9$ symbol #c hl1les~ascii.4ee~ascii "<#df-#bef"> hl2,transcrib]-def9$ symbol #d hl1les~ascii.5ee~ascii "<#df-#bf"> hl2,transcrib]-def9$ symbol #e hl1les~ascii.6ee~ascii "<#df-#bce"> hl2,transcrib]-def9$ symbol #f hl1les~ascii.7ee~ascii "<#df-#bcef"> hl2,transcrib]-def9$ symbol #g hl1les~ascii.8ee~ascii "<#df-#bcf"> hl2,transcrib]-def9$ symbol #h hl1les~ascii.9ee~ascii "<#df-#ce"> hl2,transcrib]-def9$ symbol #i hl1les~ascii.0ee~ascii "<#df-#cef"> hl2,transcrib]-def9$ symbol #aj lee~stairstep-1.ee~box-longlles~h1.#c4c4 ,tempor>y ,code-,swit* ,9dicators ee~h1.svrfp3rfs#c4c temp4 code-swit*rfees~para.,! ,,ipa does n 9clude symbols = digits1 upp]-case lrs1 or mo/ punctua;n ,-& ,,ipa ,brl likewise makes no provi.n = ^! symbols1 z !y >e r>ely 9t]m+l$ ) ,,ipa 9 9kpr9t4 ,9 cases ": s* symbols d o3ur )9 9kpr9t lee~para.es~text-start.#cdee~text-start.es~para.continue.phonetic transcrip;n1 ,,ipa ,brl (f]s tempor>y swit* 9dicators = j ? purpose1 to 9dicate to ! r1d] a tempor>y swit* f ,,ipa ,brl 9to ! prim>y brl code ( ! docu;t1 :at"e language or code t may be4 ,if a transcrib] uses tempor>y swit* 9dicators1 a note %d o3ur at ! 2g9n+ ( ! docu;t1 cle>ly /at+ : brl code is ! default = non-,,ipa ,brl " ee~para.continue.les~h1.in-toc.sk1,table #c4e3 ,tempor>y l,swit* ,9dicatorsee~h1.in-toc.les~boxes~note.es~ascii@.<ee~ascii,pr9t column =m *ang$ z foll[s3<,,brl "<,,dots"> <>,,m1n+es~ascii@.>ee~asciiee~note.lsvrfp3rfs,table #c4e rfelsk1es~stairstep-1.es~ascii;ee~ascii "<#ef"> hl2,! foll[+ symbol is non-,,ipa & %d 2 r1d 9 a3ord.e ) ! prim>y brl code ( ! docu;t4 hl1les~ascii;;ee~ascii "<#ef-#ef"> hl2,! foll[+ passage is non-,,ipa & %d 2 r1d 9 a3ord.e ) ! prim>y brl code ( ! docu;t4 "<,non-,,ipa passage is t]m9at$ by dots #ef-#bc4"> hl1les~ascii;2ee~ascii "<#ef-#bc"> hl2,t]m9ates a passage ( non-,,ipa text "2 return to ,,ipa ,brl4ee~stairstep-1.ee~boxles~para.,= example1 if an 9kpr9t ,,ipa ^w 7 to 3ta9 p>5!ses "1 ,,ipa ,brl wd transcribe !m ei by us+ transcrib]-def9$ symbols "1 or ) a tempor>y swit* 9dicator prec$+ ! p>5!ses symbols 9 ! default brl code4 ,9 s* a case1 assum+1 say1 ! default brl code is ,unifi$ ,5gli% ,brl1 ": es~ascii.="<ee~ascii " & es~ascii.=">ee~ascii " >e ! left & "r p>5!sis symbols respectively1 !n ,,ipa "<84agree0 ) ! s*wa 9 p>5!ses"> wd 2 writt5 9 ,,ipa ,brl z es~ascii^(_2d/s;"<5;">_bg#i^)ee~ascii1 ": ! ,,ueb symbols = ! left & "r p>5!ses ee~para.es~text-start.#ceee~text-start.>e 9corporat$ by prec$+ ea* ( !m ) a tempor>y code swit* \ ( ,,ipa ,brl4 ,see al ! ,am]ican ,5gli% sample passage 9 ! ,app5dix = ! use ( a tempor>y swit* to prec$e a semicolon t o3urs once 9 t passage4 lles~h1.#d4 ,miscellane\s ,usage ,notes ee~h1.svrfp3rfs#d4 ,misc4 ,usage ,notesrfees~para.,,ipa ,brl is a sep>ate brl code f o!r brl codes def9$ = specific regions or languages4 ,no 3trac;ns >e all[$ 9 ,,ipa ,brl1 & no native brl symbols %d 2 us$ o!r ?an ^? specifi$ 9 ? publica;n "e prec$$ by a tempor>y swit* 9dicator z 4cuss$ 9 ,sec;n #c4c">4 ee~para.lsvrfp3rfsmiscellane\s usage notesrfeles~para.,,ipa ,brl l9es m/ n 2 hyph5at$4 ee~para.es~para.,! use ( phonetic or phonemic 5closure signs %d 2 reproduc$ exactly z giv5 9 9kpr9t4 ee~para.es~para.,see ! 4cus.n 9 ,sec;ns #b-#c ( ? publica;n = specific details ab ea* glyph1 & see ! ,app5dix ( sample passages = a 3crete illu/ra;n ( ,,ipa ,brl 9 use4 ee~para.pges~text-start.#cfee~text-start.es~h1.,ref];esee~h1.svrfp3rfs,ref];esrfees~list.,brl ,au?or;y ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 #aiig4 es~italic.7,brl ,=mats3 ,pr9ciples ( ,pr9t to ,brl ,transcrip;nee~italic.'4 ,l\isville3 ,am]ican ,pr9t+ ,h\se = ! ,bl4ee~list.hl1ptys2,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n4 #aiii4 .7,h&book ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n3 ,a ,guide to ! ,use ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,alphabet.'4 ,new ,york3 ,cambridge ,univ]s;y ,press4 l,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n web site3 es~compinlinehttp3_/_/www4>ts4gla4ac4uk_/,,ipa ee~compinline<l,ladefog$1 ,pet]4 #bjje4 es~italic.7,a ,c\rse 9 ,phoneticsee~italic.'1 #eth $4 ,bo/on3 ,he9le @& ,he9le4 <l,m]rick1 ;,w4 ,p]cy & ;,w4 ,pottxg1thtxg2(f4 #aicd4 es~italic.7,a ,brl ,nota;n ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,alphabet "<#aicb"> ) ,key-,^ws & ,specim5 ,textsee~italic.'4 ,london3 ,! ,na;nal ,9/itute = ! ,bl4 <,pullum1 ,ge(frey ;,k4 & ,william ,a4 ,ladusaw4 #aiif4 es~italic.7,phonetic ,symbol ,guideee~italic.'1 #bnd $4 ,*icago3 ,univ]s;y ( ,*icago ,press4 ptyepgles~text-start.#cgee~text-start.svrfp3rfs,app5dix3 ,samplesrfeles~h1.,app5dix3 ,sample ,passages ee~h1.es~para.,"p #b ( ! es~italic.7,h&book ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;nee~italic.' 3ta9s ext5sive illu/ra;ns ( ! ,,ipa z appli$ to #bi di6]5t languages4 ,9 addi;n to a ?or\< ov]view ( ! spee* s.ds 9 ea* language1 & a 4cus.n ( ! ,,ipa 3v5;ns be/ suit$ = repres5t+ !m1 a brief sample passage is al pres5t$4 ,^! samples typically 3si/ ( an ,,ipa transcrip;n ( a record$ passage1 usually a retell+ ( ! 8,nor? ,w9d & ! ,sun0 fable1 record$ f a native sp1k] ( ea* language,-a favorite passage us$ = phonetic purposes s9ce ! late #aith c5tury4 ee~para.es~para.,? app5dix pres5ts five ( ! #bi sample passages f ! es~italic.1,h&bookee~italic.'1 transcrib$ 9to ,,ipa ,brl4 ,!y >e repr9t$ "h ) ! 3s5t ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n & by ! k9d p]mis.n ( ,cambridge ,univ]s;y ,press4 "<,9t]na;nal ,phonetic l,associa;n4 #aiii4 es~italic.7,h&book ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,associa;n3 ,a ,guide to ! ,use ( ! ,9t]na;nal ,phonetic ,alphabetee~italic.'4 ,new ,york3 ,cambridge ,univ]s;y ,press4"> ,!y may n 2 fur!r reproduc$ except by writt5 p]mis.n ( ! copy"r hold]1 ,cambridge ,univ]s;y ,press4 ee~para.es~para.,^! five passages 7 *os5 to ea* hily illu/rate ! use ( comb9+ diacritics1 t"o lrs1 & symbols = l5g?1 /ress1 & 9tona;n4 ,^! passages s]ve z demon/ra;ns t ,,ipa ,brl is 9de$ flexible1 hir[ ,transcrip;n"> ee~h1.es~para."<.1,,ipa .1,h&book1 page #dd"> ee~para.sk1es~para.es~ascii^(]5 _bn<#.? _2w/nd 5n 5 _bs+n w5"r d/s_bpju6r/$ _bw/t: w5z ]5 _bst#*$g5"r1 w>n 5 _bt#%vl5"r _2kem 5_bl*$ _b#%pt /n 5 _bw<#m _bklok' ]e 5_bg#id ]5t ]5 _bw+n hu _bf5"rst s5k_bsid5d /n _bmek/$ ]5 _bt#%vl5"r _btek /z _bklok _2*f :(d bi k5n_bs/d5"rd _bst#*$g5"r ]5n ]/ _b+]5"r' _b]>n ]5 _bn<#.? _2w/nd _bblu 5z _bh*#d 5z hi _bk(d1 b5t ]5 _bm<# hi _bblu ]5 _bm<# _bklosli d/d ]5 _bt#%vl5"r _bfold h/z _bklok 5_b#a(nd h/m;2 _2%n 5t _bl%st ]5 _bn<#.? _2w/nd _2gev _b+p ]i 5_bt>mpt' _b]>n ]5 _bs+n _b:a/nd _2a(t _bw<#mli1 5n /_bmidi5tli ]5 _bt#%vl5"r _2t(k _b*f /z _bklok' 5n _bso ]5 _bn<#.? _2w/nd w5z 5_bbla/! t/ k5n_bf>s ]5t ]5 _bs+n w5z ]5 _bst#*$g5"r 5v ]5 _btu'^) ee~asciiee~para.es~text-start.#ciee~text-start.lsvrfp3rfs#b ,h;g ,k;g ,cantoneserfeles~h1.,sample #b3 ,h;g ,k;g ,cantonese ee~h1.es~para."<es~italic.1,,ipa .1,h&bookee~italic1 page #fj"> ee~para.sk1es~para.es~ascii^(j6au_9 j6at_@c ts@hi_3 _\ p6ak_@c f($_@c t@h($_,- t@hai_3 j[$_,- h6ai_i tou_- au_3 k6an_i pin_@c k<_3 l>k_@c ti_@c _= k@h0oy_9 tei_- am_@c am_@c t@h6ai_i tou_i j6au_9 k<_3 j6an_i ha$_,- k@w<_3 _\ li_@c k<_3 j6an_i ts[k_3 tsy_- kin_- tai_- l6au_@c _= k@h0oy_9 tei_- ts6au_- wa_- lak_3 _\ pin_@c k<_3 h<_i ji_9 ts/$_i tou_3 li_@c k<_3 j6an_i ts@h0oy_,- ts<_i kin_- l6au_@c l>_@c _\ ts6au_- syn_3 pin_@c k<_3 l>k_@c ti_@c lak_3 _= jy_@c si_- _\ p6ak_@c f($_@c ts6au_- p$_- k6am_i ts@h0oy_@c _= tim_i tsi_@c _\ k@h0oy_9 jyt_- ts@h0oy_@c t6ak_@c s6ai_@c lei_- _\ k<_i k<_3 j6an_i ts6au_- jyt_- h6ai_- la_i s6at_- kin_- l6au_@c _= ts0oy_3 h6au_- _\ p6ak_@c f($_@c mou_9 sai_3 fu_,- _\ w6ai_,- j6au_9 f<$_3 hei_3 _= k6an_@c tsy_- _\ ee~asciilee~para.es~text-start.#djee~text-start.es~para.continue.es~asciit@hai_3 j[$_,- ts@h0ot_@c lei_,- sai_3 ts<_i j6at_@c ts6an_- _\ k<_i k<_3 j6an_i ts6au_- ts/k_@c hak_@c ts@h0oy_,- ts<_i kin_- l6au_@c lak_3 _= jy_@c si_- _\ p6ak_@c f($_@c w6ai_,- j6au_9 j/$_- sy_@c la_@c _=^) ee~asciiee~para.continue.lsvrfp3rfs,cantonese1 #c ,croatianrfeles~h1.,sample #c3 ,croatian ee~h1.>"<.1,,ipa .1,h&book1 page #fi"> lsk1es~para.es~ascii^(_= sje@%8ve3rni3 le@8deni3 8vje@%tar i_lsu@%3ntse_lsu_lse pre@8pirali o_ls8vo@8joj sna@83zi _= sto@%ga o@8dlut:e3 da_lo@8nome o@%d_l=i3x pri@8padne po@%bjeda ko@8ji3 s8vu@83t:e3 _\ t:o@%8vjeka pu@%3tnika _= 8vje@%tar za@8pot:e sna@%3!no pu@83xati _\ a_lbu@8du3t8ci da_lje t:o@%8vjek t:8vr,2@%3sto dr,2@%!ao o@%djet8cu _\ na@88vali o@%3n jo@%: ja@%t:e3 _= lee~para.es~text-start.#daee~text-start.es~para.continue.t:o@%8vjek pa@%3k jo@%: ja@%t:e3 ot_lstu@%deni pri@8tisnu3t _\ na8vu@83t:e3 na@8_lsebe jo@%: 8vi@%:e3 o@%djet8ce3 _\ do@%k_lse 8vje@%tar ne_lu@8mori3 i_lpre@8pusti3_lga ta@%da su@%3ntsu _= o@8no3 u_lpot:e@83tku za@8sija u@8mjereno _= ka@%d_lje t:o@%8vjek ski@%nuo su8vi@83:ak o@%djet8ce3 _\ po@88vi3si o@8no3 jo@%: ja@%t:e3 !e@%gu _\ do@%k_lse t:o@%8vjek _\ u_lnemogu@83t8cnosti da_lo@8doli su@8nt:e8vo3j topli@8ni ne_ls8vu@83t:e3 _\ i_lne@8_lpod8ze3 na_lku@83pa=e u_lrije@83ku teku@8t8citsu _= pri@%3t:a poka@8zuje3 da_lje_lt:e@%3sto uspje@8:nije3 u8vjera@838va3=e _\ ne@8goli na@83si38ye _=^) ee~asciiee~para.continue.svrfp3rfs#c ,croatianrfees~h1.pgsk1,sample #d3 ,fr5* ee~h1.>"<es~italic.1,,ipa .1,h&bookee~italic1 page #hj-#ha"> lsvrfp3rfs#d ,fr5*rfelsk1>,! .1,h&book 3ta9s ! foll[+ note prec$+ ? transcrip;n3 lsk1>8,! transcrip;nal /yle adopt$ 9 ? illu/ra;n is a relatively n>r[ "o1 : reflects ! "picul> pronuncia;n us$ 9 ! record+ ( ! passage made = ! illu/ra;n40 les~text-start.#dbee~text-start.es~asciisk1es~para.^(la biz e l5 s@j s5 dispyt> _= :ak>@] asy9#*@] kil>t> l5 ply f<@39#,< _= k*@]t ilz<@] vy >@] vw*ja![ ki sav*@]s> _= *@]vlope d*@] s<@] m*@]to _= i3 s<@] t<@]be dak<@39#,$ k5 s5l4hi ki a9#iv9#e l5p9#,$5mje a l5 l4hi f>9#ote _= s59#5 9#5ga9#de k<@3m l5 ply f<@39#,$ _= al<@39#,< la biz s>,> miz a sufle d5 tut se f<@39#, ply >l sufl> ply l5 vw*ja![9#,< s>9#> s<@] m*@]tot(9#,< d5 l4hi _= finalm*@] >l 9#5no@]sa l5 l4hi f>9#ote _= al<@39#,< l5 s@j k,o@] m@]si la biz dy 9#5kt k5 l5 s@j >t> l5 ply f<@39#,<'^) ee~asciiee~para.lsvrfp3rfs,fr5*1 #e ,portugueserfees~h1.,sample #e3 ,portuguese ee~h1.es~para."<.1,,ipa .1,h&book'1 page #abi-#acj"> ee~para.sk1es~para.,! es~italic.1,h&bookee~italic 3ta9s ! foll[+ note prec$+ ? transcrip;n4 ,x is 9clud$ "h 2c x nicely illu/rates ! use ( phonetic & phonemic 5closures3 ee~para.es~text-start.#dcee~text-start.sk1es~asciies~para.es~para.8,! transcrip;n provid$ 2l is n>r[ 9 c]ta9 respects1 & 9cludes ! repres5ta;n ( s&hi ph5om5a "<,h]slund #aihf">1 = example1 9 l9e #a ": ^(_b>6r<^) is ! 3trac;n ( ^/_b>6r6a u^/1 & ( pit* excur.ns4 ,un/ress$ syllables : ma9ta9 _! t>get v[el qualities >e n transcrib$ ) a second>y /ress2 second>y /ress is %[n only ) diph?;gs4 ,un/epp$ syllables >e foll[$ by l[ or fall+ syllables1 d[n/epp$ syllables by l[ or ris+ syllables4 ,s9ce up/ep & d[n/ep d n necess>ily o3ur on a /ress$ syllable1 all prim>y /resses n 9dicat$ by a t"o m>k >e %[n 9 ! transcrip;n40ee~para.ee~asciiee~para.lsvrfp3rfs#e ,portugueserfelsk1es~para.es~ascii^(u _$_bve@]tu _bn<6rt _$i u s6r< mai: _9f<6rt6u _\ _$_bku,)6a@]du sus6u_bdeu p6a_bsa6r u@] vi6a_$_b!6a@]t6u 6u,$@]_$_bvolt num6a _*kap6a _= au _9velu _\ _bpo@]i_$_26a@]is di6a_!_bko6rdu 6a@]i _bkomu 6a_$_bkel k6u p6ri_$_bm6ai6ru ko@]s_bgis _$kiu _bve@]tu _bn<6rt6u _*d,$z,$:tiu _= _$u srang$ 9 pseudo-alphabetical ord] :5"e possible1 or gr\p$ by visual appe>.e & simil>;y4 ,! purpose ( ? 9dex is to provide a qk ref];e to ! symbols ( ,,ipa ,brl1 & al to aid pr9t-to-brl transcrib]s "<_m ( :om may h ll to no exp]i;e ) ! ,,ipa"> 9 f9d+ ! appropriate glyph4 ee~para.es~h1.,3sonants & ,v[els ee~h1.lsvrfp3rfs,transcrib]'s ,9dexrfeles~para.,! foll[+ li/ comprises all ( ! 3sonant & v[el symbols pres5t$ 9 ? publica;n1 al;g ) _! ,,ipa ,brl equival5ts4 ,glyphs h be5 >rang$ 9 pseudo-alphabetical ord]1 r\.e4 ee~para.sk1hdsahdel.=a l[]case a <es~ascii.=6aee~ascii turn$ a <es~ascii.=*ee~ascii script a<es~ascii.=6*ee~ascii turn$ script a<es~ascii.=%ee~ascii a%hdses~ascii;ee~asciibhdeles~ascii.=bee~ascii l[]case ;b<es~ascii.=8bee~ascii hooktop ;b<es~ascii.=9bee~ascii small capital ;b<.=.b 2ta<hdses~ascii;ee~asciichdeles~ascii.=cee~ascii l[]case ;c<es~ascii.=c@8ee~ascii ;c w$ge<es~ascii.=6cee~ascii ;c c$illa<es~ascii.=8cee~ascii curly-tail ;c<hdses~ascii;ee~asciidhdees~ascii.=dee~ascii l[]case ;d<es~asciisvrfp3rfs3sonants & v[els a-;drfe.=8dee~ascii hooktop ;d<es~ascii.=4dee~ascii "r-tail ;d<es~ascii.=d"zee~ascii ;d-;z ligature<es~ascii.=d"!ee~ascii ;d-ezh ligature<pges~text-start.#dfee~text-start.es~ascii.=d"8zee~ascii ;d-curly-tail-;z ligature <es~ascii.=] ee~ascii $h<hdses~ascii;ee~asciiehdees~ascii.=eee~ascii l[]case ;e les~ascii.=5ee~ascii s*wa les~ascii.=5"ree~ascii "r-hook s*wa les~ascii.=6eee~ascii rev]s$ ;e <es~ascii.=>ee~ascii epsilon <es~ascii.=6>ee~ascii rev]s$ epsilon <es~ascii.=8>ee~ascii clos$ rev]s$ epsilon <lhdses~ascii;ee~asciifhdeles~ascii.=fee~ascii l[]case ;f lhdses~ascii;ee~asciighdees~ascii.=g ee~asciil[]case ;g <es~ascii.=gee~ascii l[]case script ;g les~ascii.=8gee~ascii hooktop ;g les~ascii.=9gee~ascii small capital ;g <es~ascii.=89gee~ascii hooktop small capital ;g lhdses~ascii;ee~asciihhdees~asciilsvrfp3rfs3sonants & v[els ;e-;hrfel.=hee~ascii l[]case ;h<es~ascii.=6hee~ascii b>r$ ;h<es~ascii.=8hee~ascii hooktop ;h<es~ascii.=8$ee~ascii hooktop h5g<es~ascii.=4hee~ascii turn$ ;h<es~ascii.=9hee~ascii small capital ;hlhdsihdees~ascii.=iee~ascii l[]case i<es~ascii.=0iee~ascii b>r$ i<es~ascii.=/ee~ascii small capital i<hds;jhdees~ascii.=jee~ascii l[]case ;j<es~ascii.=8jee~ascii curly-tail ;j<es~ascii.=j@8ee~ascii ;j w$ge<es~ascii.=9jee~ascii b>r$ dot.s ;j<es~ascii.=89jee~ascii hooktop b>r$ dot.s ;j<hds;khdees~ascii.=kee~ascii l[]case ;k<es~ascii.=k"'ee~ascii ;k apo/rophe<es~ascii.=k"pee~ascii ;k-;p ligature<hds;lhdees~asciilsvrfp3rfs3sonants & v[els i-;lrfel.=lee~ascii l[]case ;l<es~ascii.=6lee~ascii l[]case ;l ) tilde<es~ascii.=8lee~ascii belt$ ;l<es~ascii.=4lee~ascii "r-tail ;lles~text-start.#dgee~text-start.es~ascii.=9lee~ascii small capital ;l<es~ascii.=l"!ee~ascii ;l-ezh ligature<hds;mhdees~ascii.=mee~ascii l[]case ;m<es~ascii.=6mee~ascii left-tail ;m "<es~ascii.=6uee~ascii turn$ ;m<es~ascii.=8mee~ascii turn$ ;m1 "r leg<hds;nhdeles~ascii.=nee~ascii l[]case ;n<es~ascii.==ee~ascii left-tail ;n "<es~ascii.=$ee~ascii 5g<es~ascii.=4nee~ascii "r-tail ;n<es~ascii.=9nee~ascii small capital ;n<hdsohdeles~ascii.=oee~ascii l[]case o<es~ascii.=&pee~ascii bull's eye<es~ascii.=0oee~ascii b>r$ o<es~ascii.=\ee~ascii sla%$ o<es~ascii.=.?ee~ascii !ta<es~ascii.=[ee~ascii l[]case o-;e ligature<es~asciilsvrfp3rfs3sonants & v[els ;m-;prfel.=9[ee~ascii small capital o-;e ligature<es~ascii.=<ee~ascii op5 olhds;phdees~ascii.=pee~ascii l[]case ;p<es~ascii.=p"'ee~ascii ;p apo/rophe<es~ascii.=.fee~ascii phi<hds;qhdees~ascii.=qee~ascii l[]case ;q<hds;rhdeles~asciisvrfp3rfs3sonants & v[els ;q-;trfe.=ree~ascii l[]case ;r<es~ascii.=6ree~ascii fi%-hook ;r<es~ascii.=8#ee~ascii turn$ l;g-leg ;r<es~ascii.=4ree~ascii "r-tail ;r<es~ascii.=#ee~ascii turn$ ;r<es~ascii.=4#ee~ascii turn$ ;r1 "r tail<es~ascii.=9ree~ascii small capital ;r<es~ascii.=9#ee~ascii 9v]t$ small capital ;r<hds;shdeles~ascii.=see~ascii l[]case ;s<es~ascii.=s@8ee~ascii ;s w$ge<es~ascii.=s"'ee~ascii ;s apo/rophe<es~ascii.=4see~ascii "r-tail ;s "<es~ascii.=:ee~ascii e%<hds;thdeles~ascii.=tee~ascii l[]case ;tles~text-start.#dhee~text-start.ll.=t"' ;t apo/rophe<es~ascii.=4tee~ascii "r-tail ;t<es~ascii.=t"see~ascii ;t-;s ligature<es~ascii.=t":ee~ascii ;t-e% ligature<es~ascii.=t"8cee~ascii ;t-curly-tail-;c ligature<hds;uhdees~ascii.=uee~ascii l[]case ;u<es~ascii.=0uee~ascii b>r$ ;u<es~ascii.=(ee~ascii upsilon<es~ascii.=.gee~ascii gamma<es~ascii.=6oee~ascii ram's horns<hds;vhdees~ascii.=vee~ascii l[]case ;v<.=es~ascii6vee~ascii "r-hook ;v<es~ascii.=8vee~ascii script ;v<es~ascii.=+ee~ascii turn$ ;v "et"><hds;whdeles~ascii.=wee~ascii l[]case ;w<es~ascii.=6wee~ascii turn$ ;w<hds;xhdelsvrfp3rfs3sonants & v[els ;u-;zrfel.=x l[]case ;x<es~ascii.=.&ee~ascii *i<hds;yhdees~ascii.=yee~ascii l[]case ;y<es~ascii.=8yee~ascii turn$ ;y<es~ascii.=9yee~ascii small capital ;y<hds;zhdeles~ascii.=zee~ascii l[]case ;z<es~ascii.=z@8ee~ascii ;z w$ge<es~ascii.=8zee~ascii curly-tail ;z<es~ascii.=4zee~ascii "r-tail ;z<es~ascii.=!ee~ascii ezh<hdses~ascii.=;ee~ascii8hdees~ascii.=2ee~ascii glottal /op<es~ascii.=82ee~ascii b>r$ glottal /op<es~ascii.=62ee~ascii rev]s$ glottal /op<svrfp3rfs3sonants & v[els ;z-.=&rfees~ascii.=92ee~ascii b>r$ rev]s$ glottal /op<hdses~ascii.=&ee~asciihdees~ascii.=&?ee~ascii pipe <es~ascii.=&:ee~ascii d\ble-b>r$ pipe <es~ascii.=&lee~ascii d\ble pipe <es~ascii.=&tee~ascii exclama;n po9t lpges~text-start.#diee~text-start.lles~h1.,non-comb9+ ,modifi]s & l,o!r ,symbols ee~h1.svrfp3rfsnon-comb4 mod4 & o!rsrfe>,! foll[+ li/ comprises all ( ! non-comb9+ modifi]s pres5t$ 9 ? publica;n1 al;g ) _! ,,ipa ,brl equival5ts4 ,2c ^! >e non-alphabetic symbols1 no cle> alphabetic ord]+ is possible4 ,!y h be5 gr\p$ by func;n & visual appe>.e4 les~h2.,l5g? & ,/ress ee~h2..=es~ascii3ee~ascii l5g? m>k <es~ascii.="1ee~ascii half-l5g? m>k <es~ascii.=_bee~ascii v]tical /roke " <es~ascii.=_2ee~ascii v]tical /roke "<9f]ior"> les~h2.,phras+ ,symbols ee~h2.es~ascii.=_\ee~ascii v]tical l9e <es~ascii.=_=ee~ascii d\ble v]tical l9e <es~ascii.=_lee~ascii bottom tie b> les~h2.sk1,>r[s ee~h2.es~ascii.=_oee~ascii "rw>d >r[ <es~ascii.=_!ee~ascii d[n >r[ les~asciil.=_$ee~ascii up >r[ les~asciil.=_dee~ascii upw>d diagonal >r[ les~asciil.=_0ee~ascii d[nw>d diagonal >r[ les~h2.,t"o ,lrs ee~h2.es~ascii.=_@cee~ascii extra-hi< t"o b> les~ascii.=_cee~ascii hi< t"o b> <es~ascii.=_3ee~ascii mid t"o b> <es~ascii.=_-ee~ascii l[ t"o b> <es~ascii.=_,-ee~ascii extra-l[ t"o b> <es~ascii.=_/ee~ascii ris+ t"o b> <es~ascii.=_*ee~ascii fall+ t"o b> <es~ascii.=_iee~ascii hi<-ris+ t"o b> <es~ascii.=_9ee~ascii l[-ris+ t"o b> <es~ascii.=_4ee~ascii ris+-fall+ t"o b> les~h2.,punctua;n-,l ,symbols ee~h2.es~ascii.=1ee~ascii comma <es~ascii.=-ee~ascii hyph5 " <es~ascii.='ee~ascii p]iod <es~ascii.=^/ee~ascii sla% <es~ascii.=^(ee~ascii left squ>e bracket <es~ascii.=^)ee~ascii "r squ>e bracket lles~text-start.#ejee~text-start.lsvrfp3rfs,comb9+ ,diacriticsrfeles~h1.,comb9+ ,diacriticsee~h1.>,! foll[+ li/ 3si/s ( all ( ! comb9+ diacritics illu/rat$ 9 ? publica;n4 ,s9ce mo/ ( ^! >e non-alphabetic symbols1 !y h be5 gr\p$ z to _! g5]al posi;n ) respect to a base glyph4 ,pl1se note t ! example giv5 9 ! "r-h& column is = illu/rative purposes only1 s9ce a giv5 diacritic may comb9e ) a wide range ( base glyphs o!r ?an ! "o depict$ 9 ! example4 les~h2.,comb9+ ,diacritics ,abv ee~h2.es~ascii.=@.gee~ascii sup]script gamma es~asciit@.g ee~asciiles~ascii.=@hee~ascii sup]script ;h es~asciit@hee~ascii <es~ascii.=@jee~ascii sup]script ;j es~asciit@jee~ascii <es~ascii.=@lee~ascii sup]script ;l es~asciit@lee~ascii les~ascii.=@nee~ascii sup]script ;n es~asciid@nee~ascii les~ascii.=@wee~ascii sup]script ;w es~asciie@wee~ascii les~ascii.=@62ee~ascii sup]script rev]s$ glottal /op es~asciie@62ee~ascii <es~ascii.=@/ee~ascii acute a35t abv es~asciie@/ee~ascii les~ascii.=@,/ee~ascii d\ble acute a35t abv es~asciie@,/ee~ascii les~ascii.=@cee~ascii macron abv es~asciie@cee~ascii les~ascii.=@iee~ascii macron-acute abv es~asciie@iee~ascii les~ascii.=@*ee~ascii grave a35t abv es~asciie@*ee~ascii les~ascii.=@9ee~ascii grave-macron abv es~asciie@9ee~ascii <es~ascii.=@4ee~ascii grave-acute-grave abv es~asciie@4ee~ascii<es~ascii.=@,*ee~ascii d\ble grave a35t abv es~asciie@,*ee~ascii<es~ascii.=@%ee~ascii circumflex abv es~asciie@% ee~ascii<es~ascii.=@8ee~ascii w$ge abv es~asciie@8<ee~asciies~ascii.=@(ee~ascii breve abv es~asciie@(ee~ascii<es~ascii.=@3ee~ascii umlaut abv es~asciie@3ee~ascii<es~ascii.=@]ee~ascii tilde abv es~asciie@]ee~ascii<es~ascii.=@xee~ascii ov]-cross abv es~asciie@xee~ascii<es~ascii.=@dee~ascii corn] abv es~asciit@dee~ascii<es~ascii.=@$ee~ascii r+ abv es~asciig@$ee~ascii<es~h2.,ties & ,comb9+ same-level diacriticsee~h2..=es~ascii"'ee~ascii apo/rophe es~asciit"'ee~ascii<.=es~ascii"]ee~ascii sup]impos$ tilde es~asciit"]ee~ascii<.=es~ascii"ree~ascii "r hook es~asciie"ree~ascii<.=es~ascii"ee~ascii top tie b> es~asciik"pee~asciiles~text-start.#eaee~text-start.es~h2.,comb9+ ,diacritics ,2llee~h2..=es~ascii,3ee~ascii umlaut 2l es~asciib,3ee~ascii l.=es~ascii,]ee~ascii tilde 2l es~asciie,] ee~asciil.=es~ascii,2ee~ascii v]tical l9e 2l es~asciim,2ee~ascii l.=es~ascii,$ee~ascii r+ 2l es~asciib,$ee~ascii l.=es~ascii,[ee~ascii left half-r+ 2l es~ascii o,[ ee~asciil.=es~ascii,oee~ascii "r half-r+ 2l es~asciie,oee~ascii l.=es~ascii,)ee~ascii >* 2l es~asciin,)ee~ascii l.=es~ascii,8ee~ascii w$ge 2l es~asciit,8ee~ascii l.=es~ascii,&ee~ascii s1gull 2l es~asciit,&ee~ascii <.=es~ascii,?ee~ascii bridge 2l es~asciit,?ee~ascii <.=es~ascii,6?ee~ascii 9v]t$ bridge 2l es~asciit,6?ee~ascii l.=es~ascii,7ee~ascii squ>e 2l es~asciir,7ee~ascii <.=es~ascii,+ee~ascii plus 2l es~asciio,+ee~ascii <.=es~ascii,-ee~ascii m9us 2l es~asciie,-ee~ascii <.=es~ascii,:ee~ascii advanc+ sign 2l es~asciie,:ee~ascii<.=es~ascii,see~ascii retract+ sign 2l es~asciie,see~ascii <.=es~ascii,> ee~ascii rais+ sign 2l es~asciie,>ee~ascii <.=es~ascii,<ee~ascii l[]+ sign 2l es~asciie,<ee~asciisk1es~volume-end.,,! ,,5dee~volume-end.G.  :$%FE;01')+*,#543=?67&@8>A92(< CDB-/ "!-UEB-2005asciiasterisks.attr-55.attr-77.attr-99.attr-in-hdgblank-hard.blank-soft.boldboxbox-longbrldisplay.brlinlinecaption-75.change-context.compdisplay.compinlinecrossref-77.dedication-pagedialog-13.dialog-57.directions-55.display-13.glossary-13.glossary-15.h1.h1.in-box.h1.in-toc.h2.h2.in-box.h2.in-toc.italiclist.Math-display-35-57-79.Math-ex-15-35.Math-instructions-53.note-97.note-in-hdgnote.numnum-margin4num-margin5outline.para.para.continue.poem-15.poem-17.poem-19.poem.print-page-no-numberref.pg.no.ref.pg.section.running-footer.stairstep-1.stairstep.standard-tabs.Text-start.title-page.toc-13.toc-15-37.toc-title.TOC:leftTOC:rightTOC:titleubunnumbered-blank-page.volume-end.words-flushrightwords-groupwords-nobreak7cbitxipv1~thdshdetopsvles0:0:2kbs1hds0kbekbs1lind5kbe1:1ind1kbs1lind7kbe1:1ind1kbs1lind9kbe1:1ind1ptysptyeptys4kpski1ki0kpeptyeptys6kpski1ki0kpeptyerm6ptysptyerm0hi1:5:6:2:2hicztxsc1:0kps<kpe1:1ind7rm0ind1ind5tab7rm0ind1ind5ind1ind5tab7inm1hi1:1:0:2:2kpskpehiptysptyeptysptyehds0d~"9d~"9q~"9hdelpsfronsonelprtlsd~tlerfsd~rferm4rm0tldrfdind7tab9inm1ind7ind1ind5ptysptyeind1svrfs6:6ptysptyetlsd~tlerfsd~rferm5rm0tldrfdtopsc1:0rm6hdshderm0rfsd~rfelkpssk1sc1:1:1rm6hdshderm0kpe2:2<lkpssc1:1:1ind5ind1kpe1:1fr:;wb-nowb:;fts~ifte~iind1fr;f~7d~7lind1fr;f~gd~glind1kpsfr;f~7d~7lkpe1:1kbs1ind1kbe1:1fr;f~gd~glptys8kpski1ki0kpeptyesvrfs6:6ptys4ptyectbstb1l3stb2l5stb3l7stb4l9stb5l11stb6l13llkpsrm6hdshderm0kpe2:2<lkpsind5ind1kpe1:1lkpssc1:0rm6hdshderm0kpe1:1lkpssc1:0ind5rm6rm0ind1kpe1:1g1g2ledpv0pgsc1:0ptys1cbwb-cbwbptyetxsc1:0:0vcshds<<hdepgvcehi1:1:0:2:2hisc1:0ind3tab5ind1hi1:5:0:2:0hihi3:5:0:2:2hiplllledfr;q~--q~-<lsvrfp3rfsd~rfefts~bfte~blkpssc1:0kpesvant3svrfp3svles0:0:2:1fr;~".lealsvprg3:0:1ind5tab7inm1kpslealkpe1:1hi1:5:0:2:2hiptyskpski1ki0kpeptyerfdtoplealContents,3t5tsChapter,*apt]Page,pagecz]txscl:0cztxsc1:0:0BrailloEPSON Stylus CX5000 SerieswinspoolUSB002BA 7BA 7 6AEPSON Stylus CX5000 Series odhhLetter (8 1/2 x 11 in) EPSON Stylus CX5000 SeriesP@Open cfg file 4 hh $hh x**** x****d2 EPSON Stylus CX5000 SerieswinspoolUSB002BA 7BA 7 6AEPSON Stylus CX5000 Series odhhLetter (8 1/2 x 11 in) EPSON Stylus CX5000 SeriesP@Open cfg file 4 hh $hh x**** x****d2